Question | Answer |
The liquid portion of the blood | Plasma |
Name the 3 types of cells suspended in the blood plasma | Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Thrombocytes (Platelets) |
AKA Erythrocytes
*Carry oxygen to the body tissues
*Remove carbon dioxide
*Most numerous of the blood cells | Red Blood Cells (RBCs) |
An immature red blood cell | Erythroblast |
AKA Leukocytes
*Important part of the defense system
*5 types: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes | White Blood Cells (WBCs) |
Cells involved in the process of clot formation | Platelets/Thrombocytes |
A decrease in the number of RBCs and/or hemoglobin
*Results in a diminished supply of oxygen to the body tissues | Anemia |
Name the 2 primary types of anemia | Primary & Secondary |
Decreased production of RBCs | Primary Anemias |
Increased loss or destruction of RBCs
AKA Hemolytic Anemias | Secondary Anemias |
*Primary Anemia
*Associated with older age
*Results from a lack of vitamin B12
*Characterized by a smooth, red, painful tongue and damage to the nervous system | Pernicious Anemia |
*Primary Anemia
*Virtual stoppage of blood cell formation in the bone marrow
*May be related to drugs, radiation, chemical agents, etc | Aplastic Anemia |
*Hemolytic Anemia (Secondary)
*Genetic defect in the manufacture of hemoglobin
*Results in an abnormal crescent shaped RBC
*Very common in people of African descent | Sickle-Cell Anemia |
*Hemolytic Anemia (Secondary)
*Problem of blood incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus | Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
An increase in the number of circulating WBCs | Leukocytosis |
A malignancy of the hemopoietic tissues of the body
*Somtimes referred to as "Cancer of the Blood" | Leukemia |
How many major types of leukemia are there? | 4 |
A decrease in WBCs | Leukopenia |
An increase in the number of blood cells in the body | Polycythemia |
An increase in RBCs
AKA Polycythemia Vera
*treated by phosphorus 32 | Erythrocytosis |
A hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by a greatly prolonged clotting time | Hemophilia |
Type of hemophilia that is due to the lack of the blood clotting factor VIII | Hemophilia A |
Type of hemophilia that is due to a lack of the blood clotting factor IX
AKA Christmas Disease | Hemophilia B |
A decreased number of platelets in the blood | Thrombocytopenia |
Widespread, spontaneous hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes | Purpura
(Thrombocytopenic Purpura) |
Bruise-like patches of hemorrhage under the skin | Ecchymosis |
Small, red spots of hemorrhage often described as "pin point" hemorrhages | Petechiae |
Massive bleeding from anywhere in the body | Exsanguination |
A decrease in the level of oxygen within a tissue | Hypoxia |
The presence of blood in the urine | Hematuria |
A condition which refers to excess blood in a body part | Hyperemia (Congestion) |
Excess blood in a body part which was actively (purposely) taken there by the arterial system | Active Hyperemia |
If the active hyperemia results from a normal, healthy bodily function it is known as... | Active Physiological Hyperemia |
If the active hyperemia is a result from some disease process it is known as... | Active Pathological Hyperemia |
Occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased
*always pathological & may be localized or generalized | Passive Hyperemia |
Localized Passive Hyperemia can be caused by.... | *Clot formation in a vein
*Thickening of vessel walls
*Pressure from an outside lesion |
Passive Hyperemia that is normally the result of a heart disorder which affects the efficiency of the heart's pumping action | Generalized Passive Hyperemia
AKA Hypostatic Congestion |
Bluish discolorationof the tissues | Cyanosis |
The formation of a solid mass (blood clot) within the heart or vessels of the body | Thrombosis
*the mass is also known as a thrombus |
The condition of an object having floated through the bloodstream and causing an obstruction of a vessel | Embolism
*the object is referred to as an embolus |
Refers to decreased blood flow to a body part | Ischemia |
An area of tissue which was deprived of its blood supply dies, when as a result of ischemia is known as.... | Infarction AKA Ischemic Necrosis
*the area of dead tissue is known as an infarct |
The escape of blood from the vascular system | Hemorrhage |
Tumor-like swelling filled with blood
ex: Blood Blister | Hematoma |
Very dark, tarry feces or vomitus | Melena |
Bleeding into the pleural cavity | Hemothorax |
Bleeding into the pericardial cavity | Hemapericardium |
Bleeding into the peritoneal cavity | Hemoperitoneum |
Blood in the sputum (or from the lungs) | Hemoptysis |
Blood in the vomit (or from the stomach) | Hematemesis |
Bleeding from the nose | Epistaxis |
The process of blood changing from a liquid, free-flowing state to a semi-solid state | Coagulation |
The condition that results from a serious reduction of blood flow in the body resulting in reduced oxygen supply to the tissues | Circulatory Shock |
A mild form of shock due to a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain | Fainting (Syncope) |
An excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body | Edema |
Generalized or widespread edema | Anasarca |
Edema which collects around an inflammation site | Exudate |
Edema of the pleural cavity | Hydrothorax |
Edema of the pericardial cavity | Hydropericardium |
Edema of the peritoneal cavity | Ascites |
A decrease in total body fluids | Dehydration (Dessication) |
Inner layer of epithelial tissue in the heart | Endothelium |
Middle layer of muscle tissue in the heart | Myocardium |
Outer layer or tissue of the heart | Epicardium
(visceral portion of the pericardium) |
Name the two layers of the pericardium | *Fibrous Pericardium -> outer layer
*Serous Pericardium -> inner layer |
Name the two layers of the serous pericardium | *Parietal Serous Pericardium
*Visceral Serous Pericardium (epicardium) |
Two upper chambers that serve as the receiving chambers of the heart | Atria |
Two lower chambers that serve as pumping chambers of the heart | Ventricles |
Name the three vessels that open into the right atrium; transport O2 poor blood | *Superior Vena Cava
*Inferior Vena Cava
*Coronary Sinus |
Name the valve connecting the right atrium and right ventricle | Tricuspid
aka Right Atrioventricular Valve |
Name the valve connecting the left atrium and left ventricle | Mitral, Bicuspid
aka Left Atrioventricular Valve |
Name the valve O2 poor blood passes through to leave the right ventricle | Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve |
Name the valve O2 rich blood passes through to leave the left ventricle | Aortic Semi-lunar Valve |
Shortness of breath | Dyspnea |
A quivering or spontaneous contraction of the individual cardiac cells | Fibrillation |
The area between the two layers of the pericardium become inflamed | Pericarditis |
An increase in the size of the heart due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers | Hypertrophy
ex: athletic heart |
An increase in the size of the heart or chamber due to a stretching of the muscle fibers in the walls of the chamber | Dilatation
ex: pathological heart |
Blocking or closing off of the coronary arteries
*Caused by arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism | Occlusion |
Decreased blood flow | Ischemia |
Death of heart tissue due to a lack of blood supply | Myocardial Infarction
*area of dead tissue = infarct |
The various changes which occur in the heart as a result of prolonged pumping against unusual resistance | Hypertensive Heart Disease |
High blood pressure | Hypertension |
Indicates the arterial pressure upon the vascular walls | Systolic Pressure |
Indicates the pressure within the arteries when the ventricles of the heart are relaxing and filling back up with blood | Diastolic Pressure |
The narrowing of an opening or passageway | Stenosis
aka Stricture |
One or more of the cusps of the heart valve turns backwards into the atrium upon ventricular contraction | Prolapse |
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart or heart valves | Bacterial Endocarditis |
Characterized by chronic thrombi (vegetations) which occur on the valves | Sub-acute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) |
Inflammation of the heart muscle | Myocarditis |
A febrile systemic disease which normally follows an attack of tonsillitis or strep | Rheumatic Fever |
An excessive amount of fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac and restricts the heart | Cardiac Tamponade |
Small nodules that form in the heart caused by rheumatic fever | Aschoff's Bodies |
A general term given to the condition in which the heart is diseased and not able to adequately pump blood to meet the body's needs | Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
Disease of the heart muscle | Cardiomyopathy |
The opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close | Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
Bluish discoloration to the skin | Cyanosis |
The arteries of the heart become hardened, thickened, and inelastic as a result of the deposition of calcium in the walls | Arteriosclerosis |
Deposition of fatty deposits (plaque) in the artery walls | Atherosclerosis |
A localized weakening and dilation of an artery wall | Aneurysm |
Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm | Stroke |
Bulging, sac-like dilation on the wall of an artery | Saccular Aneurysm |
Tubular swelling of the artery around the entire circumference of an artery | Fusiform Aneurysm |
Weakening and separation between the walls of an artery | Dissecting Aneurysm |
Inflammation of an artery | Arteritis |
Inflammation of veins | Phlebitis |
Veins that become dilated and torturous | Varicose Veins
aka Varices |
Chest pain associated with heart attacks | Angina |
Inflammation of veins that cause clots | Thrombophlebitis |
Ventricular Defect+Aorta shifts to the right+Coarction of the Pulmonary Artery+Right Ventricular Hypertrophy | Tetrology of Fallot |
Self digestion of tissues by cellular enzymes | Autolysis |
Surgical procedure to create an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its skin surface | Colostomy |
Surgery to remove the colon and rectum | Proctocolectomy |
Difficulty in swallowing | Dysphagia |
Name the three segments of the small intestine | *Duodenum
*Jejunum
*Ileum |
Name the four segments of the large intestine | *Cecum
*Colon
*Rectum
*Anal Canal |
Inflammation of the mouth (oral mucosa) | Stomatitis |
Condition characterized by the formation of tiny white ulcers which form at the base of the gums, lips, & cheeks | Aphthous Stomatitis
*Ulcers = canker sores |
A fungal infection of the oral cavity caused by Candida albicans | Thrush |
Caused by herpes simplex I | Cold Sores
aka Fever Blisters |
Inflammatory lesions in the mouth caused by Treponema pallidum | Mucous Patches |
Inflammation of the gums (gingiva) | Gingivitis |
Inflammation of the tongue | Glossitis |
Inflammation of the tonsils | Tonsilitis |
Inflammation of the pharynx (throat) | Pharyngitis |
Inflammation of the esophagus | Esophagitis |
Inflammation of the stomach | Gastritis |
Vomiting of blood from the stomach | Hematemesis |
Heartburn | Dyspepsia |
A localized area of necrosis on the skin or mucous membrane | Ulcer |
Ulcers which occur in the stomach and duodenum (caused by Helicobacter pylori) | Peptic Ulcers |
Infection of the lining membrane of the abdominal cavity | Peritonitis |
Inflammation of the small intestine | Enteritis |
Inflammation of the colon | Colitis |
Inflammation of the rectum | Proctitis |
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix | Appendicitis
*treated by an appendectomy |
The condition of having one or more diverticula | Diverticulosis |
Abnormal sac or pouch in the walls of a hollow organ | Diverticula |
Inflammation of diverticula | Diverticulitis |
Varicose veins in the rectal areas | Hemorrhoids |
Protrusion of an organ through the walls of the body cavity in which it is contained | Hernia |
A twisting loop of intestine | Volvulus |
Slipping or telescoping of one segment of intestine into the succeeding one | Intussusception
aka Invagination |
Scar tissue forms and loops of the bowel adhere together where they normally would not | Adhesions |
Inflammation of the liver | Hepatitis |
Food borne or water borne illness, usually a less serious form of hepatitis | Hepatitis A
aka Infectious Hepatitis
+caused by Hepatitis A virus |
Blood borne pathogen likely transmitted through contaminated body fluid; may result in chronic hepatitis & perm. liver damage | Hepatitis B
aka Serum Hepatitis
+caused by Hepatitis B virus |
The "silent epidemic", higher risk of chronic liver disease, also a blood borne pathogen | Hepatitis C
aka non-A, non-B Hepatitis
+caused by Hepatitis C virus |
A long-term degeneration of the functioning cells of the liver with a proliferation of fibrous connective tissue & scarring | Cirrhosis |
Due to the build up of bile pigments (bilirubin) in the bloodstream | Jaundice
aka Icterus |
Inflammation of the gallbladder | Cholecystitis |
Formation of gall stones | Cholelithiasis |
Inflammation of the bile ducts | Cholangitis |
Inflammation of the pancreas | Pancreatitis |
Inflammatory bowel disease | Crohn's Disease
aka Ileitis |