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Pathology Qtr 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The liquid portion of the blood | Plasma |
| Name the 3 types of cells suspended in the blood plasma | Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Thrombocytes (Platelets) |
| AKA Erythrocytes *Carry oxygen to the body tissues *Remove carbon dioxide *Most numerous of the blood cells | Red Blood Cells (RBCs) |
| An immature red blood cell | Erythroblast |
| AKA Leukocytes *Important part of the defense system *5 types: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes | White Blood Cells (WBCs) |
| Cells involved in the process of clot formation | Platelets/Thrombocytes |
| A decrease in the number of RBCs and/or hemoglobin *Results in a diminished supply of oxygen to the body tissues | Anemia |
| Name the 2 primary types of anemia | Primary & Secondary |
| Decreased production of RBCs | Primary Anemias |
| Increased loss or destruction of RBCs AKA Hemolytic Anemias | Secondary Anemias |
| *Primary Anemia *Associated with older age *Results from a lack of vitamin B12 *Characterized by a smooth, red, painful tongue and damage to the nervous system | Pernicious Anemia |
| *Primary Anemia *Virtual stoppage of blood cell formation in the bone marrow *May be related to drugs, radiation, chemical agents, etc | Aplastic Anemia |
| *Hemolytic Anemia (Secondary) *Genetic defect in the manufacture of hemoglobin *Results in an abnormal crescent shaped RBC *Very common in people of African descent | Sickle-Cell Anemia |
| *Hemolytic Anemia (Secondary) *Problem of blood incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus | Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
| An increase in the number of circulating WBCs | Leukocytosis |
| A malignancy of the hemopoietic tissues of the body *Somtimes referred to as "Cancer of the Blood" | Leukemia |
| How many major types of leukemia are there? | 4 |
| A decrease in WBCs | Leukopenia |
| An increase in the number of blood cells in the body | Polycythemia |
| An increase in RBCs AKA Polycythemia Vera *treated by phosphorus 32 | Erythrocytosis |
| A hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by a greatly prolonged clotting time | Hemophilia |
| Type of hemophilia that is due to the lack of the blood clotting factor VIII | Hemophilia A |
| Type of hemophilia that is due to a lack of the blood clotting factor IX AKA Christmas Disease | Hemophilia B |
| A decreased number of platelets in the blood | Thrombocytopenia |
| Widespread, spontaneous hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes | Purpura (Thrombocytopenic Purpura) |
| Bruise-like patches of hemorrhage under the skin | Ecchymosis |
| Small, red spots of hemorrhage often described as "pin point" hemorrhages | Petechiae |
| Massive bleeding from anywhere in the body | Exsanguination |
| A decrease in the level of oxygen within a tissue | Hypoxia |
| The presence of blood in the urine | Hematuria |
| A condition which refers to excess blood in a body part | Hyperemia (Congestion) |
| Excess blood in a body part which was actively (purposely) taken there by the arterial system | Active Hyperemia |
| If the active hyperemia results from a normal, healthy bodily function it is known as... | Active Physiological Hyperemia |
| If the active hyperemia is a result from some disease process it is known as... | Active Pathological Hyperemia |
| Occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased *always pathological & may be localized or generalized | Passive Hyperemia |
| Localized Passive Hyperemia can be caused by.... | *Clot formation in a vein *Thickening of vessel walls *Pressure from an outside lesion |
| Passive Hyperemia that is normally the result of a heart disorder which affects the efficiency of the heart's pumping action | Generalized Passive Hyperemia AKA Hypostatic Congestion |
| Bluish discolorationof the tissues | Cyanosis |
| The formation of a solid mass (blood clot) within the heart or vessels of the body | Thrombosis *the mass is also known as a thrombus |
| The condition of an object having floated through the bloodstream and causing an obstruction of a vessel | Embolism *the object is referred to as an embolus |
| Refers to decreased blood flow to a body part | Ischemia |
| An area of tissue which was deprived of its blood supply dies, when as a result of ischemia is known as.... | Infarction AKA Ischemic Necrosis *the area of dead tissue is known as an infarct |
| The escape of blood from the vascular system | Hemorrhage |
| Tumor-like swelling filled with blood ex: Blood Blister | Hematoma |
| Very dark, tarry feces or vomitus | Melena |
| Bleeding into the pleural cavity | Hemothorax |
| Bleeding into the pericardial cavity | Hemapericardium |
| Bleeding into the peritoneal cavity | Hemoperitoneum |
| Blood in the sputum (or from the lungs) | Hemoptysis |
| Blood in the vomit (or from the stomach) | Hematemesis |
| Bleeding from the nose | Epistaxis |
| The process of blood changing from a liquid, free-flowing state to a semi-solid state | Coagulation |
| The condition that results from a serious reduction of blood flow in the body resulting in reduced oxygen supply to the tissues | Circulatory Shock |
| A mild form of shock due to a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain | Fainting (Syncope) |
| An excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body | Edema |
| Generalized or widespread edema | Anasarca |
| Edema which collects around an inflammation site | Exudate |
| Edema of the pleural cavity | Hydrothorax |
| Edema of the pericardial cavity | Hydropericardium |
| Edema of the peritoneal cavity | Ascites |
| A decrease in total body fluids | Dehydration (Dessication) |
| Inner layer of epithelial tissue in the heart | Endothelium |
| Middle layer of muscle tissue in the heart | Myocardium |
| Outer layer or tissue of the heart | Epicardium (visceral portion of the pericardium) |
| Name the two layers of the pericardium | *Fibrous Pericardium -> outer layer *Serous Pericardium -> inner layer |
| Name the two layers of the serous pericardium | *Parietal Serous Pericardium *Visceral Serous Pericardium (epicardium) |
| Two upper chambers that serve as the receiving chambers of the heart | Atria |
| Two lower chambers that serve as pumping chambers of the heart | Ventricles |
| Name the three vessels that open into the right atrium; transport O2 poor blood | *Superior Vena Cava *Inferior Vena Cava *Coronary Sinus |
| Name the valve connecting the right atrium and right ventricle | Tricuspid aka Right Atrioventricular Valve |
| Name the valve connecting the left atrium and left ventricle | Mitral, Bicuspid aka Left Atrioventricular Valve |
| Name the valve O2 poor blood passes through to leave the right ventricle | Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve |
| Name the valve O2 rich blood passes through to leave the left ventricle | Aortic Semi-lunar Valve |
| Shortness of breath | Dyspnea |
| A quivering or spontaneous contraction of the individual cardiac cells | Fibrillation |
| The area between the two layers of the pericardium become inflamed | Pericarditis |
| An increase in the size of the heart due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers | Hypertrophy ex: athletic heart |
| An increase in the size of the heart or chamber due to a stretching of the muscle fibers in the walls of the chamber | Dilatation ex: pathological heart |
| Blocking or closing off of the coronary arteries *Caused by arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism | Occlusion |
| Decreased blood flow | Ischemia |
| Death of heart tissue due to a lack of blood supply | Myocardial Infarction *area of dead tissue = infarct |
| The various changes which occur in the heart as a result of prolonged pumping against unusual resistance | Hypertensive Heart Disease |
| High blood pressure | Hypertension |
| Indicates the arterial pressure upon the vascular walls | Systolic Pressure |
| Indicates the pressure within the arteries when the ventricles of the heart are relaxing and filling back up with blood | Diastolic Pressure |
| The narrowing of an opening or passageway | Stenosis aka Stricture |
| One or more of the cusps of the heart valve turns backwards into the atrium upon ventricular contraction | Prolapse |
| Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart or heart valves | Bacterial Endocarditis |
| Characterized by chronic thrombi (vegetations) which occur on the valves | Sub-acute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) |
| Inflammation of the heart muscle | Myocarditis |
| A febrile systemic disease which normally follows an attack of tonsillitis or strep | Rheumatic Fever |
| An excessive amount of fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac and restricts the heart | Cardiac Tamponade |
| Small nodules that form in the heart caused by rheumatic fever | Aschoff's Bodies |
| A general term given to the condition in which the heart is diseased and not able to adequately pump blood to meet the body's needs | Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) |
| Disease of the heart muscle | Cardiomyopathy |
| The opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close | Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
| Bluish discoloration to the skin | Cyanosis |
| The arteries of the heart become hardened, thickened, and inelastic as a result of the deposition of calcium in the walls | Arteriosclerosis |
| Deposition of fatty deposits (plaque) in the artery walls | Atherosclerosis |
| A localized weakening and dilation of an artery wall | Aneurysm |
| Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm | Stroke |
| Bulging, sac-like dilation on the wall of an artery | Saccular Aneurysm |
| Tubular swelling of the artery around the entire circumference of an artery | Fusiform Aneurysm |
| Weakening and separation between the walls of an artery | Dissecting Aneurysm |
| Inflammation of an artery | Arteritis |
| Inflammation of veins | Phlebitis |
| Veins that become dilated and torturous | Varicose Veins aka Varices |
| Chest pain associated with heart attacks | Angina |
| Inflammation of veins that cause clots | Thrombophlebitis |
| Ventricular Defect+Aorta shifts to the right+Coarction of the Pulmonary Artery+Right Ventricular Hypertrophy | Tetrology of Fallot |
| Self digestion of tissues by cellular enzymes | Autolysis |
| Surgical procedure to create an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its skin surface | Colostomy |
| Surgery to remove the colon and rectum | Proctocolectomy |
| Difficulty in swallowing | Dysphagia |
| Name the three segments of the small intestine | *Duodenum *Jejunum *Ileum |
| Name the four segments of the large intestine | *Cecum *Colon *Rectum *Anal Canal |
| Inflammation of the mouth (oral mucosa) | Stomatitis |
| Condition characterized by the formation of tiny white ulcers which form at the base of the gums, lips, & cheeks | Aphthous Stomatitis *Ulcers = canker sores |
| A fungal infection of the oral cavity caused by Candida albicans | Thrush |
| Caused by herpes simplex I | Cold Sores aka Fever Blisters |
| Inflammatory lesions in the mouth caused by Treponema pallidum | Mucous Patches |
| Inflammation of the gums (gingiva) | Gingivitis |
| Inflammation of the tongue | Glossitis |
| Inflammation of the tonsils | Tonsilitis |
| Inflammation of the pharynx (throat) | Pharyngitis |
| Inflammation of the esophagus | Esophagitis |
| Inflammation of the stomach | Gastritis |
| Vomiting of blood from the stomach | Hematemesis |
| Heartburn | Dyspepsia |
| A localized area of necrosis on the skin or mucous membrane | Ulcer |
| Ulcers which occur in the stomach and duodenum (caused by Helicobacter pylori) | Peptic Ulcers |
| Infection of the lining membrane of the abdominal cavity | Peritonitis |
| Inflammation of the small intestine | Enteritis |
| Inflammation of the colon | Colitis |
| Inflammation of the rectum | Proctitis |
| Inflammation of the vermiform appendix | Appendicitis *treated by an appendectomy |
| The condition of having one or more diverticula | Diverticulosis |
| Abnormal sac or pouch in the walls of a hollow organ | Diverticula |
| Inflammation of diverticula | Diverticulitis |
| Varicose veins in the rectal areas | Hemorrhoids |
| Protrusion of an organ through the walls of the body cavity in which it is contained | Hernia |
| A twisting loop of intestine | Volvulus |
| Slipping or telescoping of one segment of intestine into the succeeding one | Intussusception aka Invagination |
| Scar tissue forms and loops of the bowel adhere together where they normally would not | Adhesions |
| Inflammation of the liver | Hepatitis |
| Food borne or water borne illness, usually a less serious form of hepatitis | Hepatitis A aka Infectious Hepatitis +caused by Hepatitis A virus |
| Blood borne pathogen likely transmitted through contaminated body fluid; may result in chronic hepatitis & perm. liver damage | Hepatitis B aka Serum Hepatitis +caused by Hepatitis B virus |
| The "silent epidemic", higher risk of chronic liver disease, also a blood borne pathogen | Hepatitis C aka non-A, non-B Hepatitis +caused by Hepatitis C virus |
| A long-term degeneration of the functioning cells of the liver with a proliferation of fibrous connective tissue & scarring | Cirrhosis |
| Due to the build up of bile pigments (bilirubin) in the bloodstream | Jaundice aka Icterus |
| Inflammation of the gallbladder | Cholecystitis |
| Formation of gall stones | Cholelithiasis |
| Inflammation of the bile ducts | Cholangitis |
| Inflammation of the pancreas | Pancreatitis |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Crohn's Disease aka Ileitis |
Created by:
sbarton
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