Question | Answer |
Function of blood: | maintain a constant environment |
Blood cells are suspended in: | plasma |
Blood is composed of: | plasma, blood cells |
Blood Types: | A, B, AB, O |
Types of blood cells: | leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes |
Types of leukocytes: | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
Function of the arterial system: | carry blood delivering nutrients and oxygen |
Function of the venous system: | carry away cell waste and carbon dioxide |
3 types of blood vessels: | arteries, capillaries, veins |
The inner layer of an artery: | endothelium |
These exchange structures are connections between arterioles and venules: | capillaries |
These chambers of the heart receive blood: | right and left atria |
These chambers of the heart discharge blood | right and left ventricle |
3 layers of the heart wall: | endocardium (smooth inner layer), myocardium (middle muscular layer), epicardium (outer layer) |
Inferior vena cava | major blood vessel - carries deoxygenated blood from lower extremities, pelvic and abdominal viscera to right atrium |
Superior vena cava | major blood vessel - drains deoxygenated blood from head, neck, upper extremities and chest to right atrium |
Pulmonary Artery | major blood vessel - bifurcates and becomes right and left PA - carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs |
Right and left pulmonary veins (4): | major blood vessels - carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium |
Aorta | major blood vessel - carries oxygenated blood from left side of heart to body |
2 layers of the pericardium: | parietal (outermost covering), visceral (innermost) |
4 valves of the heart: | tricuspid, pulmonary, aortic, bicuspid |
This heart valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle: | tricuspid valve |
This heart valve is located at entrance of pulmonary artery leading from right ventricle: | pulmonary valve |
This heart valve is located at entrance of aorta leading from left ventricle: | aoritc valve |
This heart valve is located between left atrium and left ventricle: | bicuspid valve |
This is known as nature's pacemaker and sends impulses to atrioventricular node: | sinoatrial node |
This is located on the interatrial septum and sends impulses to bundle of His: | atrioventricular node |
This divides into the right and left bundle branches in septum: | bundle of His |
These merge from bundle branches into specialized cells of myocardium, located at base of heart: | purkinje fibers |
This is the contraction phase of the heartbeat: | systole |
This is the relaxation phase of the heartbeat: | diastole |
Pathway of a deoxygenated blood cell from trunk through the heart: | inferior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - lung capillaries - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta |
ACS | Acute Coronary Syndrome - blanket term covering symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia |
Anastomosis | surgical connection of two tubular structures |
Aneurysm | abnormal dilation of vessels, usually in an artery |
Angina | spasmotic, choking, suffocative pain |
Angiography | radiography of blood vessels |
Angioplasty | procedure in a vessel to dialte vessel opening |
Atherectomy | removal of plaque from an artery |
Auscultation | listening for sounds within body |
Bundle of His | muscular cardiac fibers that provide heart rhythm to ventricles |
Cardioverter-defibrillator | surgically placed or wearable device that directs an electric shock to the heart to restore rhythm |
Circumflex | a coronary artery that circles heart |
Cutdown | incision into a vessel for placement of catheter |
Edema | swelling due to abnormal fluid collection in tissue spaces |
Electrode | lead attached to a generator that carries electric current from the generator to atria or ventricles |
Electrophysiology | study of electrical system of heart, including study of arrhythmias |
Embolectomy | removal of blockage from vessel |
Endarterectomy | incision into an artery to remove inner lining |
Epicardial | over heart |
False aneurysm | sac of clotted blood that has completely destroyed vessel and is being contained by tissue that surrounds vessel |
Fistula | abnormal opening from one area to another area |
Hematoma | mass of blood that forms outside vessel |
Hemolysis | breakdown of red blood cells |
Hypoxemia | low level of oxygen in blood |
Hypoxia | low level of oxygen in tissue |
Nuclear cardiology | diagnostic specialty that uses radiologic procedures to aid in diagnosis of cardiologic conditions |
Pericardiocentesis | fluid is withdrawn from pericardial space via percutaneous needle |
Swan Ganz catheter | measures pressure in right side of heart and in pulmonary artery |
Thoracostomy | incision into chest wall and insertion of tube |
Thromboendarterectomy | removal of thrombus and atherosclerotic lining from an artery |
CAD / IHD | coronary artery disease / ischemic heart disease - thickening and hardening of arterial intima with lipid and fibrous plaque |
Lesions on the femoral and popliteal arteries lead to: | peripheral vascular disease |
Lesions on the carotid arteries lead to: | stroke |
Lesions on aorta lead to: | aneurysms |
Lesions on coronary arteries lead to: | myocardial infarction |
Ischemia | deficiency of oxygenated blood |
3 types of ischemia: | localized myocardial, transient, irreversible |
Most common cause of Localized Myocardial Ischemia: | atherosclerosis of vessels |
Type of ischemia where the heart muscle performs at a low level due to lack of oxygen (reversible): | transient ischemia |
This type of ischemia is the cause of an MI: | irreversible ischemia |
This is normal blood pressure: | 120/80 |
Stage 1 Hypertension: | 140/90 |
Stage 2 Hypertension: | 160/100 |
Stage 3 Hypertension: | 180/110 |
ACE (as in ACE inhibitor) | angiotensin-converting enzyme |
If an aneurysm involves all 3 layers of arterial wall it is known as a: | true aneurysm |
False Aneurysm (saccular) | separation of arterial walls usually as a result of trauma |
Thromboembolus | dislodged blood clot |
Embolism | mass circulating in blood |
Types of embolisms: | air bubble, fat, bacterial mass, cancer cells, foreign substances, dislodged thrombus, amniotic fluid |
Buerger's Disease | inflammatory disease of peripheral arteries creating thrombi and vasospasms most often in young men who are heavy smokers |
Another name for Buerger's Disease: | thromboangiitis obliterans |
Raynaud's Disease | secondary disease - vasospasms and constriction of small arterioles of fingers and toes - affects young women |
Symptom of Raynaud's Disease: | brittle nails and thickened fingertips |
Varicose Veins | blood pools in the veins, distending them |
This is a varicose vein of the anus: | hemorrhoid |
Systolic heart failure occurs on this side of the heart: | left |
Diastolic heart failure occurs on this side of the heart: | right |
Diastolic heart failure results in: | ventricle stasis, inadequate pulmonary circulation, peripheral edema, hepatosplenomegaly |
Systolic heart failure results in: | pulmonary edema |
Infective Endocarditis | inflammation of interior most lining of heart |
3 common types of pericarditis: | acute, pericardial effusion, constrictive |
Rheumatic Heart Disease | formation of scars of the endocardium and heart valves due to rheumatic fever |
What do cardiomyopathies affect: | myocardium (middle layer of heart wall) |
3 types of cardiomyopathy: | dilated (congestive), hypertrophic, restrictve |
CoA | coarctation of aorta (narrowing of aorta) |
PDA | patent ductus arteriosus (opening between aorta and pulmonary artery) |
Another name for congestive cardiomyopathy: | dilated cardiomyopathy |
This type of cardiomyopathy results in thickened interventricular septum: | hypertrophic |