| Question | Answer |
| Preoperational: who, when, what | Piaget
age 2-7
symbolic thinking (toy car symbol of real)
primitive reasoning - WHY???
limitations: centration, irreversibility, conservation, transformation, egocentric, animistic |
| Signs and age of potty training readiness | The following are signs of:
1. 18-30 months (age 3 in class)
2. dry @ least 2 hours
3. dry after nap
4. regular bowel movement
5. indicating they are about to go |
| Preschool Period: age and 4 major theoretical stages | Age 3-6
Piaget: Preoperational
Erikson: Initiative vs Guilt
Freud: Phallic
Kohlberg: Preconventional Morality |
| Piaget's Stages | birth - 3: sensorimotor
3-6: preoperational
6-12: concrete operational
12-20: formal operations |
| Early Childhood Years | Age 3-6 |
| Middle Childhood Years and 4 major theoretical stages | Age 6-12
Piaget: Concrete Operational
Erikson: Industry vs Inferiority
Freud: Phallic
Kohlberg: Conventional Morality |
| Why are poverty measures inadequate? | outdated
doesn't accurately consider resources
# people w insurance inc in 2007 |
| Average 6 yr old weighs ____ lbs and is ____ inches tall | Average ____ yr old weighs 46 lbs and is 46 inches tall |
| obese | body weight 20% higher than avg for height (outdated) |
| The brain grows _____ than any other part of the body and is 90% grown by the age of ___, however it continues to grow until age 20. | The _____ grows faster than any other part of the body and is _____ grown by the age of five, however it continues to develop until age 20. |
| Lateralization occurs in the "Early Years", what is it? | process where certain functions are conducted more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other--what is this called and when does it happen? |
| The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with: | The following are associated with which hemisphere of the brain:
verbal competence (speaking, thinking)
sequential thinking |
| The right hemisphere of the brain is associated with: | Which hemisphere of the brain is associated with:
spatial relations
music
emotional expression
considering info globally |
| Handedness is said to appear by preschool, but in actuality a preference appears much earlier. ___ of children are right handed. | Handedness is said to appear by ______, but in actuality a preference appears much earlier. 90% of children are ____ handed. |
| In the preschool years, boys are generally _______ while girls are more _______ & have better _________. | In the preschool years, _____ are generally STRONGER while _____ are more COORDINATED & have better DEXTERITY. |
| 4 Measurements in advancement of gross motor skills | The following advance from the ages of 3-5:
1. ability to stop & turn
2. jumping distance
3. ascending descending stairways
4. hopping |
| Limitations (5) of the Piaget's preoperational phase? | What phase are these limitations associated with?
1. Irreversibility-fallen tree has always been down
2. Centration-focus on 1 feature- cat w/ dog mask is a dog
3. Transformation-only see beginning & end, no middle
4. Egocentrism
5. Lack CONSERVATION |
| Order of Grasping Conservation (6) | Number
Substance/Mass
Length
Area
Weight
Volume |
| Markers of the end of preoperational stage (3) | 1. intuitive thought (why???)
2. functionality (pedal bike->speed)
3. identity (some things don't change) beginning of conservation |
| Early and Middle Childhood: Erikson's Theory and Associated Stages | Psychosocial
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority |
| In the preschool years, children develop _______, a set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals. | In the preschool years, children develop a SELF-CONCEPT; what is this? |
| At age _____, children notice differences between people based on skin color. | At age 3 or 4, children notice differences between people based on ______. |
| Race Dissonance | when a minority child indicates preferences for majority values or people |
| Gender Constancy | the awareness that gender is permanent |
| Sandra Bem: you should encourage ______ in children | androgeny: positive masculine AND feminine traits
who is a proponent? |
| Functional Play | simple repetitive typical of 3yr olds |
| Contructive Play | manipulating objects to build or create |
| Parallel Play | play in similar way w similar toys but not with each other |
| Onlooker Play | watch others play, do not participate |
| Associative Play | interact and share toys but do not do the same thing |
| Cooperative Play | play w/ one another, take turns, contests- most advanced play |
| In the preschool years, children develop "Theory of Mind" | Can see from anothers perspective- False belief task, 3yr old vs 4yr old |
| 4 Parenting Styles | 1. Authoritarian
2. Permissive
3. Authoritative
4. Uninvolved |
| Instrumental Aggression | motivated by desire to obtain concrete goal |
| Relational Aggression | nonphysical, intended to hurt anothers feelings |
| Heteronomous Morality: whose theory, age, what | Piaget
rules unchangeable
age 4-7 |
| Abstract Modeling | process in which modeling leads to more general rules & principles |
| downward comparison: what & when | comparing yourself to others to feel better about self
middle childhood (6-12) |
| Kohlberg is best known for work on ________. | _______ is best known for work on moral development |
| 3 Levels of Morality and Theorist | Kohlberg
Level 1: PRECONVENTIONAL punishment & reward
2: CONVENTIONAL social-what would good member of society do?
3: POSTCONVENTIONAL-personal values, beyond "law" |
| Kohlberg's research on was criticized, especially by Gilligan because | his research was primarily on Western men |
| Gilligan's 3 Stages of Moral Development for Women (longitudinal work) | 1. Orientation to Individual Survival
2. Goodness as Self-Sacrifice
3. Morality of Nonviolence |
| motor development | hopscotch of 4 and 7 yr olds |
| Gender Identity- according to biological perspective | corpus collosum
hormones |
| Info Processing Approach to Cognitive Dev in Early Childhood | innate understanding of numbers
memories fade & are inconsistent
development is quantitative increases in abilities to take in, process, and store info |
| Vogotsky- perspective and 2 main features of theory | Theorist of Cognitive Dev
mentors & apprentices-cooperative learning with peers best
Zone of Proximal Dev-can ALMOST do on own, but CAN do w/ guidance
Scaffolding-support that encourages independence
Cons: not testable, does not address attention & me |
| preschool gender id: pref what play mates? | same sex, strict ideas re: gender |
| According to Bem, you should encourage children to be ______. | Androgynous-you can still be nurturing AND strong, etc |
| Authoritative is the best at developing | self esteem |
| Biggest reason to not spank | modeling "here's how to solve conflict" |
| Heteronomous Morality | strict |
| Binet | Intelligence test
Mental Age |
| Binet, Wechsler worked on developing | IQ tests |
| Categories of Mental Retardation and Definition | limitations in intellect AND behavior
profound: IQ below 20 or 25
severe: 22.5-37.5
moderate: 37.5 to 52.5
mild: 52.5 to 55-70 |
| Dramatic Play | Imaginative-pretending |
| Private Speech | spoken to self
Vygotsky - a guide to behavior, try out ideas |
| Pragmatics | skills for conversation
turn-taking, sticking to a topic |
| Social Speech | increases greatly during preschool years
directing speech toward others, frustration when not heard |
| Fluid Intelligence | info processing, reasoning, memory
said to be consistent through life |
| Crystallized Intelligence | accumulation of info, skills, thru experience
said to increase with age |
| Concrete operational stage | age 7-12
PIAGET
logic
less egocentric
decentering
conservation
reversibility
relationship between time and speed |
| Percent of Childeren with ADHD & key feature | 3-7%
interferes with home AND school |
| Learning disability | difficulties in the acquisition of listening, speaking, reading writing, reasoning or math
a discrepancy in actual performance and apparent potential |
| Under Clinton, patents for Rx's were extended if: | companies performed research specific to children |
| Info Processing: early & middle childhood descriptions | early: scripts, memory easily influenced, basic understanding of #'s, quantitative increases in memory & attention
middle childhood: short term memory increases |
| According to the info processing model, difficulty with conservation is due to | According to the info processing model, a lack of memory capacity is responsible for difficulty with |
| Mental Retardation: 4 categories | Consider IQ AND Functional Level
Mild: IQ 52.5-70 most common. Behind in school but can fn indep, hold job
Moderate: IQ 37.5-52.5, 2nd grade level, travel indep to familiar places, assisted living
Severe & Profound: institution |
| Bicultural Identity | when a minority maintains original cultural identity AND integrates into dominant culture |
