Question | Answer |
carolla | whorl of petals in a flower |
calyx | lowermost whorl of modified leaves, sepals |
sporophyte | a multicellular, spore-producing life phase of an organism |
pedicel | individual flower stalk |
gametophyte | the gamete-producing body of a plant or an alga;usually haploid |
fruit | structure that develops from the ovary and sometimes adjacent flower parts after pollination and fertilization is achieved |
pome | fleshy fruit where flesh derives from a large receptacle (apples, pears) |
legume | plants that are members of the pea or bean family |
achene | type of simple indehiscent fruit containing a single seed attatched to the fruit wall at a single point |
samara | simple indehiscent dry fruit containing a single seed and wings |
nut | a type of simple indehiscent dry fruit
fruit was is stony and derived from multiple carpels |
megasporophyll | leaf like structure that bears the megasporangium |
cotyledon | the embryonic seed leaves in the flowering plants that contain the nutritive tissue derived from the endosperm |
endosperm | triploid nutritive tissue formed as one result of double fertilization in angiosperms |
microspore | tiny spores whose walls enclose male gametophytes |
sporophyll | a spore bearing leaf |
achegonia | vase shaped gamete in seedless vascular plants in which an egg is produced within a sterile jacket layer of cells |
sporangium | structure which spores are produced |
nucellus | female sporangium within an ovule
megasporangium in seed plants |
progymnosperms | a group of extinct plants known only from fossils that possessed wood similar to that of modern gymnosperms, but lacked seeds |
gymnosperm | group of embryophytes that have seeds not enclosed in fruits |
pteridophyte | non-seed vascular plants; when leaves are present they have branching vascular systems (ferns) |
bryophyte | mosses, liverworts and hornworts
non-vascular embryophytes |
gemmae | a small piece of the gametophyte body that can develop into a new plant
a form of asexual reproduction |
sepal | the outermost whorl of floral parts which are leaf-like and usually green |
spore | a reproductive cell that is capable of growing into a new organism without fusing with another cell |
stigma | the area of the pistil that receives pollen grains |
style | in the flowers pistil; the style is the column of tissue between the stigma and the ovary through which the pollen tubes grow |
ovary | broad,round lower portion of the carpel in flowering plants, where the ovules are located |
carpel | a folded and fused leaf-life structure that contains ovules |
mitosis | a form of nuclear division in which a set of chromosome copies resulting from DNA replication are distributed to progeny cells |
peristome | the upper part of the moss capsule that is specialized to discharge spores |
meiosis | the two successive nuclear divisions that reduce the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid, producing haploid spores |
capsule | a simple dry dehiscent fruit consisting of two or more carpels that may split open in a variety of ways |
carpellate | flowers that lack stamens |
staminate | flowers that lack carpels |
generative cell | a cell found in pollen tubes
gymnosperms= gives rise to body cell and stalk cell
angiosperms= gives rise directly to two male gametes and generative nuclei |
peduncle | stalk that bears a flower of a cluster of flowers |
synergid | two haploid nuclei at the micropylar end of the embryo that dont participate in fertilization |
antipodals | haploid cells usually three in number found in the embryo sac at opposite ends of the micropyle |
pteridosperms | extinct order of gymnosperms known from fossils, had fern-like fronds and showed thickening of stems and seed formations |
calyptra | hood over sporophyte in mosses and liverworts; developed from wall of archegonium |
operculum | membranous cap covering the peristome in undehisced capsule of sporophytes |
perfect flower | term for a flower that has both stamens and carpels |
imperfect flower | term for a flower that has either carpels or stamens |
berry | fleshy fruit with one to several carpels in which the flesh is soft throughout the fruit |
drupe | fleshy fruit in which inner layer of the fruit forms a hard stony pit tightly bound to the seed |
multiple fruit | fruits formed when the fruitlets made by an individual flower in an inflorescence fuse into a single large fruit (pineapple) |
aggregate fruit | fruits formed from a single flower with multiple pistils in which each pistil develops into a fruitlet (raspberries) |
irregular flower | show bilateral symmetry |
double fertilization | unique characteristic of flowering plants in which two sperm nuclei fuse with separate nuclei to produce a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm |
regular flower | show radial symmetry |
microsporangia | sporangium that give rise to microspores |
megasporangia | sporangium that produce megaspores |
indusium | flap of tissue covering the sorus |
megaspore | large haploid spore that gives rise to the female gametophyte |
microsporocyte | diploid cells in the pollen sacs that divide by meiosis to produce four haploid microspores |
megasporocyte | cell that undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores in heterosporous plants |
megaphyll | a leaf having a branched system of veins (euphyll) |
microphyll | small leaves with only one vein found in lycophytes (lycophylls) |
lycophyll | leaves having a single unbranched vein that does not leave a gap in the stems vascular system |
euphyll | leaves having a branched vascular system that leaves a gap in the stems vascular system |
polar nuclei | the two nuclei that lie in the center of the female gametophyte or embryo sac. After fertilization with a sperm nucleus the 3 nuclei give rise to the triploid endosperm tissue |
microsporophyll | the leaf-like structure that bears one or more microsporangia |
monotcots | flower parts in multiples of three
leaf venation parallel
vascular bundles scattered
one pore or furrow
one cotyledon |
dicots | flower parts in multiples of four or five
leaf venation netlike
vascular bundles in a ring
three pores or furrows
two cotyledons |
sporopollenin | retains water and microbial resistance |
lignin | stregthens and waterproofs cell walls |
cutin | on plant surfaces; microbial resistance, UV radiation |