Question | Answer |
Loss of consciousness, longer duration of 1 to 2 minutes and the presence of automatisms usually signifies what type of seizure? | Complex Partial Seizure |
What is the most common form of epilepsy in children? | Partial Seizures |
What type of seizure begins in both hemispheres? | Generalized Seizures |
Petit Mal, brief lapses of consciousness, disruption in speech or motor is what type of seizure? | Absence Seizure |
What type of seizure shows a long myotonic period where the child usually ends up falling or dropping due to loss of muscle tone? | Atonic Seizures |
MOst common convulsive disorder of childhood. | Febrile Seizures |
Grand Mal | Tonic-clonic Seizure |
Fifth Day Fits | Benign Idiopathic Neonatal Seizures |
Mental Retardation with mixed seizure disorder, most common in patients with infantile spasms. | Lennow-Gastaut Syndrome |
Juvenile Myoclonic Seizure Triad | Generalized, Myotonic, Absence |
First line treatment for Juvenile Myoclonic Seizures? | Valproic Acid |
Fixed, midsize pupils of 4 - 5 mmm signifies a problem where in the brain? | Midbrain |
Pinpoint pupils signifies a problem where in the brain? | Pontine/ Pons |
Unilateral, fixed and dilated pupil signifies a problem where? | Is most likely compression of CN III. |
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration Pattern (crescendo -> decrescendo) | Hemisphere dysfunction |
Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation (sustained deep breaths) | midbrain to upper pons |
Kussmaul (deep slow breaths) | diabetic ketoacidosis |
Apnea is a sign of what kind of problem? | medulla |
How to respond to an unconscious patient… | STONED: Sugar, Thiamine, O2, Narcan, Evaluate, Differential Dx |
Asymmetry in a coma patient, think… | structural |
Likely cause of intracerebral hemorrhage | hypertension |
Caused by occlusion of smaller, penetrating arteries, presence of fibrinoid | Lacunar Infarctions |
Most common cause of cardioembolic stroke | atrial fibrillation |
Beading of vessels within the brain is characteristic of what condition? | CNS Vasculitis |
A core of forever-lost brain cells surrounded by damaged brain cells that could still be repaired | Penumbra |
A resting tremor is associated with what condition? | Parkinson’s Disease |
An intention tremor is assoc. with a problem where? | cerebellum |
Drugs that help relieve the tremor of Parkinson’s Disease | Anticholinergic |
Main side-effect of anticholinergics that could make them countraindicated in the elderly population | memory loss |
3 anticholinergic drugs used for Parkinson’s | Trihexiphenidyl, Benztropine mesylate, Diphenhydramine |
What 2 NT can increase GABA to Globus Pallidus? | Ach and Glutamate |
DOPA is converted to Dopamine via… | DOPA-decarboxylase |
2 components that can prolong DOPA in the synapse | Mono-oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors & Cartechol-ortho methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors |
MAO-B inhibitors for Parkinson’s | Selegeline and Rasagaline |
COMT inhibitors for Parkinson’s | Entacapone and Tolcapone |
NMDA receptor for what? | glutamate |
What Parkison’s drug has a slight effect on NMDA receptors? | Amantadine ( weak NMDA antagonist) |
An acquired persistent, confusional state | dementia |
The clinical traid of confusion, gait disturbance and extra-ocular dysmotility point to which disease? | Wernicke’s Encephalopathy (usually assoc. with alcohol & thiamine deficiency) |
Infarcts or hemorrhages within mamillary bodies of hypothalamus | Wernicke’s Encephalopathy |
Extra-ocular dysfunction in Wernicke’s | Ophthalmoplegia |
Water is white on this imaging and it is best for showing pathology | T2 Weighted MRI |
Lacunar infarctions are due to what size vessels? | small vessels |
Decreased glucose metabolism esp. in the posterior cerebrum on PET scan | Alzheimer’s Disease |
On microscopic analysis, a patient is found to have neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. What is the most likely cause of these findings? | Alzheimer’s Disease |
What material are senile plaques made of? | Amyloid (Amyloid Beta proteins or fragments of APP) |
Anticholinesterase Inhibitors for Alzheimer’s Disease, they are … | Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine |
NMDA receptors control what substance? | Calcium entry |
Pick’s Bodies | Pick’s Disease |
There is atrophy of what two lobes with Pick’s Diease? | Frontal and Temporal |
A dementia with visual hallucinations | Dementia with Lewy Bodies |
Lewy Bodies in cerebral cortex | Dementia with Lewy Bodies |
Intention tremors are assoc. with which dementia? | Dementia with Lewy Bodies |
A resting tremor is assoc. with which dementia? | Parkinson’s Disease |
A CAG repeat on Chromosome 4, autosomal dominant | Huntington’s Disease |
A fatal dementia involving rigidity, clumsiness and myclonic jerks | Creutz-feldt Jakob Disease (prion disease) |
Positive 14-3-3 analysis of CSF | CJD (Creutz-feldt Jakob Disease) |
Spongiform encephalopathy involving microscopic vacuoles | CJD |
The clinical triad of gait disturbance (magnetic), urinary incontinence and cognitive disturbance are characteristic of what disease? | Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus |
Treatment of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus | shunt |
Speaking a heard word pathway | Primary auditory area -> Wernicke’s Area -> Arcuate Fasciculus -> Broca’s Area -> Primary Motor Cortex |
Speaking a written word pathway | Primary Visual Area -> Angular Gyrus -> Wernicke’s Area -> Broca’s Area -> Primary Motor Cortex |
Left Hemisphere tasks | language and calculation |
Right Hemisphere tasks | drawing |
Huntington’s Chorea is a clinical triad of … | dominant inheritance, choreoathetosis, and dementia (usually results in death in 10 -> 20 years) |
What structure is responsible for the coordination of movements during the action? | cerebellum |
What structure/s are responsible for planning movements? | Basal Ganglia |
A key sign of a cerebellar dysfunction | Dystonia (uncontrollable muscle contractions) |
Cells in the ventral horn at the edge of gray matter that monitor UMN and LMN interaction | border cells |
What is the function of the vermis? | To fine tune motor control of axial musculature |
What is the function of the paravermis (intermediate hemisphere)? | lower extremity fine motor control |
Portion of the cerebellum that control complex movement and is a part of the cerebrocerebellum tract | lateral hemisphere |
Tract found in the floccularnodual lobe | vestibulocerebellum tract |
The main afferent (input) pathway to the dentate nucleus to begin the trisynaptic circuit | Perforant Pathway |
The main efferent (output) pathway (CA1 & subiculum -> mamillary bodies -> ANT -> subcallosal cortex -> assoc. area of neocortex | Fornix |
Can’t make new memories | Anterograde Amnesia |
Can’t recall past memories | Retrograde Amnesia |
Removal of this organ results in an inability to transfer memory from short term to long term | Hippocampus |
What type of memories is the hippocampus responsible for? | Explicit Memories |
An event that after a presynaptic neuron is overactive, when the presynaptic neuron goes back to normal firing, the post synaptic neuron continues to fire at an increased rate | Lone Term Potentiation |
LTP (Long Term Potentiation) is linked with what function? | Spatial Learning |
This structure is responsible for emotional learning, fear, reward and implicit facial recognition | Amygdala |
What part of the brain is responsible for fear triggered sympathetic discharge? | Lateral Hypothalamus |
Amygdala to Parabrachial Nucleus | increased respiration |
Amygdala to Cingulate gyrus and locus coreuleus | increased HR, NE, BP and fear |
Amygdala to Periaquaductal Grey | defensive behavior |
Hypoemotionality, loss of fear, psychic blindness, hypersexuality and hyperorality are symptoms of what? | Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (Bilateral temporolimbic lesions) |
A direct receptor in the post-synaptic cell membrane is the… | Ionotropic Receptor |
An indirect receptor in the post-synaptic cell membrane is the… | Metabotropic Receptor |
What are the main 2 determinants of the degree of differential blockade of local anesthetics? | pKa and lipid solubility |
A low pKa with local anesthetics shifts equilibrium to the ionized form and leads to…. | a slower/ delayed onset of action |
Muscle spindle is sensitive to changes in? | length |
Golgi Tendon Organ is sensitive ti changes in? | tension |