Question | Answer |
The process of diffusion is controlled by a _________ _________ | Concentration Gradient |
Cylindrically shaped extensions of the plasma membrane that function in absorption and as sensory receptors | Microvilli |
If a cell is placed in a _________ solution, crenation of the cell may occur. | Hypertonic |
If a cell is placed in a _________ solution, lysis of the cell may occur. | Hypotonic |
Filtration depends on a _________ on the two sides of the partition. | Pressure Difference |
A white blood cell ingests solid particles by forming vesicles. What process does this describe? | Phagocytosis |
This organelle produces large amounts of ATP | Mitochondria |
Mature red blood cells lack a _________ | Nucleus |
mRNA is synthesized in the _________ | Nucleus |
Integrins in the plasma membrane functions as _________ | Attachment sites |
Small pieces of matter, even whole cells, can be transported across the plasma membrane in _________ | Vesicles |
The resistance of a fluid to flow is known as _________ | Viscosity |
_________ is found outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane | Cytoplasm |
Accounts for about 1/3 of total lipids and flexibility in the plasma membrane | Cholesterol |
Allows us to see "through" parts of the cell | Transmission Electron Microscope |
Allows us to see features of the cell surface and surfaces of internal structures | Scanning Electron Microscope |
Allows us to visualize the general features of cells | Light Microscope |
Cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another | Marker Molecules |
Form tiny channels through the plasma membrane | Channel Proteins |
Modern concept of the plasma membrane | Fluid Mosaic Model |
Small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins | Ligands |
Proteins which penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer | Intrinsic Proteins |
Chemical reactions that take place within the cell; collectively | Cell Metabolism |
Cells produce and receive _________ and electrical signals to communicate with one another | Chemical |
Substances on the inside of the plasma membrane | Intracellular |
Substances on the outside of the plasma membrane | Extracellular |
The diffusion of water | Osmosis |
The regulation of ion movement by cells results in a charge across the membrane called the _________ | Membrane Potential |
Proteins that function as catalysts are called _________ | Enzymes |
Supports the cytoplasm and the organelles within the cell | Cytoskeleton |
Outer boundary of the cell that controls entry and exit of substances | Plasma Membrane |
Composed of carbohydrates and lipids | Glycolipids |
Composed of carbohydrates and proteins | Glycoproteins |
Collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane | Glycocalyx |
Phospholipids readily assemble to form a _________ because they have a polar head and nonpolar tail. | Lipid Bilayer |
Small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins | Ligands |
Genetic disorder that affects the chloride ion channels. | Cystic Fibrosis |
The substance in a solution present in the largest amount | Solvent |
The substance which dissolves in another to form a solution | Solute |
Molecules that are soluble in _______ pass through the plasma membrane readily by dissolving through | Lipids |
Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by carrier molecules are said to be transported by _______ processes | Carrier-Mediated |
Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in solution | Diffusion |
Force required to prevent the movement of water by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane | Osmotic Pressure |
Solutions that have the same concentration of solute particles, have the same osmotic pressure and are called _______ | Isosmotic |
Considering the concentration of two solutions: the solution with greater osmotic pressure is called _______ | Hyperosmotic |
Considering the concentration of two solutions: the more dilute solution is referred to as being Considering the concentration of two solutions: the solution with greater osmotic pressure is called _______ | Hyposmotic |
Shrinking of a cell | Crenation |
Rupture of a cell | Lysis |
Results when a partition containing small holes is placed in a stream of moving liquid | Filtration |
_______ involves carrier proteins within the plasma membrane that move large, water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules across the plasma membrane | Mediated Transport Mechanisms |
Each carrier protein binds to and transports only a single type molecule | Specificity |
Result of similar molecules binding to the carrier protein | Competition |
_______ means that the rate of transport of molecules across the membrane is limited by the number of available carrier proteins | Saturation |
_______ is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances into or out of the cells from higher to lower concentration | Facilitated Diffusion |
_______ is a mediated transport process that requires energy provided by ATP | Active Transport |
Some active transport mechanisms _______ one substance for another | Exchange |
_______ involves the active transport of an ion such as sodium out of a cell, establishing a concentration gradient, with higher concentration of the ions outside the cell | Secondary Active Transport |
Secondary active transport where movement is in the same direction | Cotransport |
Secondary active transport where movement is in opposite direction | Countertransport |
Internalization of substances | Endocytosis |
Externalization of substances | Exocytosis |
"Cell eating" | Phagocytosis |
"Cell drinking" | Pinocytosis |
Genetic disorder which consists of the reduction in or absence of low density lipoprotein receptors on the cell surface | Hypercholesterolemia |
Fluid portion of the cytosplasm | Cytosol |
Hollow tubules composed of protein unites called tubulin | Microtubules |
Supports the cell and holds the nucleus and organelles in place | Cytoskeleton |
Small fibrils that form bundles, sheets or networks in the cytoplasm of cells | Actin Filaments |
Protein fibers providing mechanical strength to cells | Intermediate Filaments |
Aggregates of chemicals either produced by the cell or taken in by the cell | Cytoplasmic inclusions |
Pigments that increase in amount with age | Lipochromes |
Specialized region on each chromosome which the spindle fiber attaches to | Kinetochore |
Located in the cytoplasm at the base of the cilia | Basal body |
Proteins connecting adjacent pairs of microtubules | Dynein Arms |
Sites of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
Primarily synthesize proteins used inside the cell | Free Ribosomes |
Synthesize proteins that are secreted from the cell | ER Ribosomes |
Interior spaces of ER which are isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm | Cisternae |
Cilia move in two motions; power stroke and the _______ | Recovery Stroke |
Composed of flattened membrane sacs that are stacked on each other like dinner plates | Golgi Apparatus |
A _______ vesicle moves to the Golgi apparatus, fuses and releases protein into its cisternae | Transport |
Secretory vesicles generally do not release their contents to the outside until a _______ is received | Signal |
Contain various hydrolytic enzymes and function as intracellular digestive systems | Lysosomes |
Digestion of organelles by lysosomes | Autophagia |
Results from inability of lysosomal enzymes breaking down glycogen | Pompe's Disease |
Disorder in which lysosomal enzymes are unable to break down mucopolysaccharides | Hurler's Syndrome |
Substance located int he space formed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria | Matrix |
Numerous infoldings that project like shelves into the interior of the mitochondria | Cristae |
Break down and recycle proteins | Proteasomes |
Openings withing the nuclear envelope | Nuclear Pores |
Proteins which play a role in the regulation of DNA function | Histones |
Densely coiled genetic material | Chromosomes |
Intermediate form of DNA | Ribonucleic Acid |
Total of all the genes contained within each cell | Genome |
Site of ribosome synthesis | Nucleolus |
Chemical reactions that convert the glucose to pyruvic acid | Glycolysis |
Pyruvic acid is converted to ATP when oxygen is available | Aerobic Respiration |
Pyruvic acid is converted to ATP and lactic acid when oxygen is not available | Anaerobic Respiration |
DNA is _______, which means that the strands are parallel but extend in opposite directions | Antiparallel |