Question | Answer |
frontal/cranial | divides body into anterior and posterior |
sagittal | divides body into right and left |
midsagittal | divides body into equal halves |
transverse/horizontal | divides body into upper and lower parts |
superior/cranial | inferior/caudal |
anterior/ventral | posterior/dorsal |
medial | lateral |
proximal | distal |
superficial | deep |
dorsal cavity | contains cranial and vertebral cavities |
ventral cavity | contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
thoracic cavity | contains mediastinum and pleural cavities |
abdominal cavity | contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen |
pelvic cavity | contains reproductive organs, bladder, lower intestines |
viscera | internal organs |
axial region | head, neck and torso/trunk |
appendicular region | upper and lower extremities |
normal pH of blood | 7.35 - 7.45 |
normal pH of water | 7.0 |
anatomy | study of structure |
physiology | study of function |
catabolism | breakdown; from complex to building blocks |
anabolism | building; from basic to complex |
survival needs | nutrients, oxygen, water, stable body temperature, proper atmospheric pressure |
water in body, by weight | 60 - 80% |
molecule | made up of two or more atoms |
atom | smallest complete unit of matter |
element | substance from which all matter is made |
solution | components indistinguishable and homogeneous |
suspension | components separate from solvent, heterogeneous |
colloid | components separate from solvent, but evenly distributed throughout |
ion | electrically charged atom |
cation | positively charged ion |
anion | negatively charged ion |
electrolyte | compound that releases ions when in a solution |
covalent bond | shared electron, difficult to separate, doesn't dissolve easily in water |
aqueous solution | mixture with water as the solvent |
hydrolysis | larger molecules broken down by introduction of water |
pH | relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions |
buffer | chemical that prevents sharp changes in pH |
isotope | form of an element that has the same atomic number but a different atomic weight |
atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of and element's atoms |
carbohydrate (CHO) | carbon and water, found in sugars and starches |
glycogen | polysaccharide, storage form of glucose found in liver cells and skeletal muscle cells |
triglycerides | formed by glycerol and e fatty acids, store energy |
phospholipids | form cell membrane |
cholesterol | transport lipids and stabilize cell membrane |
proteins | large molecules of amino acids held together by peptide bonds |
structural protiens | collagen and keratin |
collagen | fibrous, holds many tissues together |
keratin | tough, waterproof fibers in outer layer of skin |
functional proteins | take part in chemical processes |
enzymes | organic catalysts |
lock and key model | each enzyme acts on a particular substrate |
denaturation | the alteration of any protein to the point that it can no longer function |
inventor of the microscope | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
mitosis | somatic cell division |
interphase | DNA replicates |
prophase | chromosomes and spindle fibers appear, centrioles move |
metaphase | chromosomes align, spindle fibers attach |
anaphase | centromeres break, cleavage develops |
telophase | cell division complete |
cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm in telophase of mitosis |
passive transport | movement through cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell |
diffusion | movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower |
osmosis | diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane |
filtration | passage of water & dissolved materials through a membrane under mechanical force |
facilitated diffusion | movement of materials across plasma membrane in direction of concentration gradient using transporters to move faster |
active transport | movement against the concentration gradient in living cells requiring energy from ATP |
endocytosis | bulk movement of material into a cell |
phagocytosis | large particles engulfed by plasma membrane and moved into cell |
pinocytosis | plasma membrane engulfs drops of fluid |
exocytosis | cell moves material out via vesicles |
isotonic | solutions with concentrations equal to concentration of cytoplasm |
normal saline | 0.9% salt |
hypotonic | solution that is less concentrated than intracellular fluid |
hemolysis | rupture of red blood cells in hypotonic solution |
hypertonic | solution that is more concentrated than intracellular fluid |
crenation | shrinking of a cell in hypertonic solution |
apoptosis | programmed cell death |
nucleotide | building block of DNA and RNA - phosphate & nitrogen base |
sodium | Na |
hydrogen | H |
chlorine | Cl |
nitrogen | N |
carbon | C |
calcium | Ca |
Oxygen | O |
Potassium | K |
Magnesium | Mg |
Phosphate | PO4 |
Bicarbonate | HCO3 |
Water | H2O |