Question | Answer |
Prophase 1 | Spindle apparatus forms, nucleoi and nuclear membrane disappear. |
Synapsis | Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwined |
Tetrad | each chromosome has two sister chromatids which contains four chromatids |
After recombination occurs, are sister chromatics longer idental | NO |
Metaphase 1: | tetrads align at equatorial plant and each pair attaches to separate spindle fiber by kinetochore |
Anaphase 1 | Homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles of cell |
Disjunction | each chromsomoe of paternal origin separates from homolougs origin and can end up in either daughter cells |
Telophase 1 | nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus at point where each chromosome still consits of sister chromatids joined at centromere |
Meiosis 2 is ___ preceded by chromosal replication | NOT |
New cells of second meitoic cells have ___ number of chromsomes | haploid |
Mitosis: 2N --> ___N Meiosis 2N--> __ N | 2N 1N |
Mitosis: homologous chromosomes ___ pair up | don't |
Meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair up at metaphase plate forming | Tetrads |
Offsprings are essential genetic ___ copies of parent cells | carbon |
Asexual reproductions have 4 types, name them. | 1. fission 2. budding. 3. regeneration 4. parthenogensis |
Asexual reproduction is more prevalent in ____ than vertebrates | invertebrates |
Binary fission | simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotic organisms. Divides into two equal cytoplasm. |
Fission occurs in | one-celled organisms such as amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria |
Budding: Replication of nucleus followed by ____ cytokinesis | Replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis |
Budding occurs in | hydra and yeast |
budding pinches inward to form a new cell that is ___ size but genetically identical to the parent cell which then grows to adult size. | smaller |
Regeneration is | regrowth of lost or injured body part. occurs in mitosis. |
Regeneration occurs in | lower animals: hydra and starfish, salamanders and tadpoles can generate new limbs |
Parthenogenesis | development of an unfertilized egg into adult organisms |
Parthenogensis occurs in | bees and ants. male develops from unfertilized eggs while worker bees and queen bees develop from fertilized eggs |
Spore formation (diploid) produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation | produces haploid spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation |
Alternation of generation in which a ___ generation is succeeded by haploid generation | in which a diploid generation is succeeded by haploid generation |
Spores are specialized cells with hard coverings that ___ lost of water | prevent |
diploid sporophyte generation produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generations | haploid |
meristerms are undifferiated ____ in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant. | undifferiated tissues in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant. |
vegetative propgation is advantageous because it introduces ___ genetic variation and is a rapid form of ___ | no reproduction |
Natural vegetable propgatation: bulbs split into ___ bulbs. occurs in: ___ and ____ | several tuplids - dafodils |
Natural vegetable propgatation: Tubers are ____ stems with bubs. ie: ______ that cacn develop into adult plants | underground. potatos. |
Natural vegetable propgatation: Runners are stems running ___ and ___ the ground extend from the main ___. can produce ___ roots and upright stems such as in ____ and ___ grasses | above and along. stem new strawberry and in lawn grasses |
Natural vegetable propgatation: ____ are woody, underround stems and can develop new upright stems as in ___ and ___ plants | rhizomes. ferns and iris |
Auxins | can be used to accelerate root formation |
Layering is ____ . examples: ____ and ___ | will take root when bent to the ground and covered with soil. blackberry and rasperry |
stem of one plant called ___ Can be attached to root stem of another closely related plant called ___. | scion. stock. |
___ tissue of both stems must be in contact | cambium |
Gonads are ___ produced in specialized organs | gametes |
testes produce ___ in tightly coiled ____ tubules. | sperm in voiled seminiferous tubules |
Female gonads called ___ produce ___ (eggs. | ovaries produce occytes |
Hermaphrodites have ___ functional of ___ and ____ gonads such as: ___ and ___ | both functions of male and female Hydra and earthworm |
Spermatogensis occurs in ____ tubules. | seminiferous |
Diploid cells called ____ undergo meiosis to produce ____ haploid sperm of equal size. | spermatogonia. four |
Oogensis is the production of ____ gametes occured in the ___ | gemale. ovaries. |
Prophase 1 | Spindle apparatus forms, nucleoi and nuclear membrane disappear. |
Synapsis | Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwined |
Tetrad | each chromosome has two sister chromatids which contains four chromatids |
After recombination occurs, are ssiters chromatics longer idental | NO |
Metaphase 1 | tetrads align at equatorial plant and each pair attaches to separate spindle fiber by kinetochore |
Anaphase 1 | Homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles of cell |
Disjunction | each chromsomoe of paternal origin separates from homolougs origin and can end up in either daughter cells |
Telophase 1 | nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus at point where each chromosome still consits of sister chromatids joined at centromere |
Meiosis 2 is ___ preceded by chromosal replication | NOT |
New cells of second meitoic cells have ___ number of chromsomes | haploid |
Mitosis: 2N --> ___N Meiosis 2N--> __ N | 2N 1N |
Mitosis: homologous chromosomes ___ pair up | don't |
Meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair up at metaphase plate forming | Tetrads |
Offsprings are essential genetic ___ copies of parent cells | carbon |
Asecual reproductions are: 1 2 3 4 | 1. fission 2. budding. 3. regeneration 4. parthenogensis |
Asexual reproduction is more prevalent ini ____ than vertebrates | invertebrates |
Binary fission | simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotic organisms. Divides into two equal cytoplasm. |
Fission occurs in | one-celled organisms such as amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria |
Budding | Replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis |
Buddingg occurs in | hydra and yeast |
budding pinches inward to form a new cell that is ___ size but genetically identical to the parent cell which then grows to adult size. | smaller |
Regeneration | regrowth of lost or injured body part. occurs in mitosis. |
Regeneration occurs in | lower animals: hydra and starfish, salamanders and tadpoles can generate new limbs |
Parthenogenesis | development of an unfertilized egg into adult organisms |
Parthenogensis occurs in | bees and ants. male develops from unfertilized eggs while worker bees and queen bees develop from fertilized eggs |
Spore formation (diploid) | produces haploid spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation |
Alternation of generation in which a ___ generation is succeeded by haploid generation | in which a diploid generation is succeeded by haploid generation |
Spores are specialized cells with hard coverings that ___ lost of water | prevent |
diploid sporophyte generation produces ___ spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation | haploid |
meristerms are ____ tissues in plants which provide a source of cells that can develop into adult plant. | undifferiated |
vegetative propagation is advantageous because it introduces ___ genetic variation and is a rapid form of ___ | no; reproduction |
Natural vegetable propagation: bulbs split into ___ bulbs. occurs in: ___ and ____ | several; tuplids - dafodils |
Natural vegetable propagation: Tubers are ____ stems with bulbs. ie: ______ that can develop into adult plants. | underground. potatos. |
Natural vegetable propgatation: Runners are stems running above and along the ground extend from the main ___. can produce new roots and upright stems such as in ____ and in lawn grasses. | stem; strawberry. |
Natural vegetable propgatation: ____ are woody, underground stems and can develop new upright stems as in ferns and iris plants | rhizomes. |
Auxins can be used to ____ root formation | accelerate |
Layering will take root when bent to the ground and covered with soil. examples: ____ and ___ | blackberry and raspberry |
stem of one plant called ___ Can be attached to root stem of another closely related plant called ___. | scion. stock. |
___ tissue of both stems must be in contact | cambium |
Gonads are ___ produced in specialized organs | gametes |
testes produce ___ in tightly coiled ____ tubules. | sperm; seminiferous tubules |
Female gonads called ___ produce ___ (eggs) | ovaries produce occytes |
Hermaphrodites have ___ functional of male and female gonads such as: ___ and ___ | both. Hydra and earthworm |
Spermatogensis occurs in ____ tubules. | seminiferous |
Diploid cells called ____ undergo meiosis to produce ____ haploid sperm of equal size. | spermatogonia. four |
Oogensis is the production of ____ gametes occured in the ___ | female. ovaries. |
One diploid primary female sex cell undergoes meiosis to form ____ egg. | 1 |
Oogensis produces a ____ body which is small cell that contains little more than the nucleus. | polar body. |
Fertilization forms a ____ with ___ number of chromosomes | zygote. diploid |
External fertilization in vertebrates produces in ___. such as __ and amphibians. | Water. Fish. |
Internal fertilization Practiced by terrestrial vertebrates and provides a ___ route for sperm to reach the egg cell. | direct |
testes are the site of production of _______ (hormone) | testosterone |
testosterone regulates ____ male sex characteristics | secondary male sex characteristics like facial public hair voice chains |
Pathway of sperm | SEVENUP |
Ovaries are found in the ____ below digestive system | ab cavity below digestive system |
Ovaries consists of 1000s of ___ | follicies |
follices is a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects an ____ ___ | immature ovum |
follicle cells produce ____ (type of hormone) | estrogen |
once a month an immature ovum is released from the ovary into the ___ ___ and drawn into the nearby ____. | ab cavity; oviduct. |
uterus is the site of ____ development | fetal |
Cervix connects the vaginal canal to ____ | site of sperm deposition and where baby is expelled during childbirth |
each fallon tube opens into the upper end of a muscular chamber called the ____ | uterus |
secretion of both estrogens and progesterone is regulated by ___ and ___ | LH and FSH. regulated by GnRH |
Estrogens are steroid hormones necessary for normal female _____ | maturation |
Estrogen contributes to the development of ____ sexual characteristics and sex drive | 2nd |
Estrogens are responsible for thickening the ____ | endometrium aka uterine wall |
Estrogens are secreted by the ___ follicles and the corpus lutetium | ovarian |
progesterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the _____ ____ during the ___ phase of the menstrual cycle. | corpus lutetium. LH |
Menstruation cycle are divided into four parts known as: | follicular phase (FH), ovulation, luteal phase (LH), menstruation |
follicular phase is when the Follicle stimulating hormone from ___ pituitary promotes development of follicle with grows and begins secreting ____ | anterior pituitary; estrogen |
Follicles mature during the ___ phase | follicular (FSH, LH) |
____ surge at midcycle triggers ovulation | LH |
ruptured follicles becomes the ____ ____ and secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation for implantation. | corpus luteum |
corpus luteum secretes __ and __ | secretes estrogen and progesterone |
if ovum is not fertilized the corpus luteum ____. drop in progesterone and estrogen levels caused the endometrium to slough off giving rise to the ____ | atrophies (dies). menses. (menstrutal flow) |
If fertilization occurs, developing placental produces ____ which maintains corpus luteum and supply of estrogen and progesteroone maintains the uterus until the ___ takes over production of these hormones. | hCg (human chorionic gonadotrophin); placenta |
in mosses, the ____ is the dominant generation | gametophyte |
in mosses, sporophytes is a ____ organism that depends on the gametophyte for energy and ___. | short-lived. nutrient. |
spores divided by ____ to produce haploid or gametophyte generation | mitosis. |
in ferns, the ___ generation is dominant which releases spores from undersides of its leaves that develop into small heart shaped ___- | sporophye. gametophytes |
Angiosperms | Flowering plants that have gametophytes consisting of a few cells that exists for a very short time |
A ___ is the haploid, multicellular phase of plants and algae that undergo alternation of generations, with each of its cells containing only a single set of chromosomes. | gametophyte |
stamens are ___ plants | male plants |
pistils are ___ plants | female plants |
anther are _____ and produces ___ spores which develop into pollen grains. | terminal sac in stamen. haploid. |
Pistil: stigma- sticky top part of pistil which catches ____. | pollen. has monoloid egg nucleus |
petals specialized leaves surround and protects ___ to attract insects for their pollen for fertilization | pistils |
sepals are ____ cover and product flower bud during early development | Green leaves |
male gametophyte is a ___ grain | pollen |
epicotyl is the precursor of ____ stem and leaves | upper |
cotyledons are ___ leafs. | seed leafs. dicots have two seed leafs while monoctos have only one. |
hypocotyle develops into ____ stem and root | lower |
endosperm grows and feeds __. | grows and feeds embryo. |
seed coat develops from outer covering of ___. | ovule. |
meristem is the growth in higher plants is restricted to ____ cells | embryonic |
aprical meristem are found in ___ of roots and stems. growth in ___ occurs only at these points | tips. length. |
lateral meristem is known as the ___ | cambium located btw xylem and phloem. permits growth in diameter. occurs in dicots like oaks. |
autosomes are most chromosomes exist as pairs of ___ | homologues |
human has ___ pairs of autosomes | 22 |
Sex chromosomes pair during ___ and segregate during the___ meiotic division | meiosis; 1st (prophase 1) |
Gender of a zygote is determined by the genetic contribution of the ___ | male gamete |
sex lined are genes that are located on the __ and __ chromosome | X and Y |
examples of sex-linked recessive are ___ and ___. | hemophilia and colorblindness |
sex linked recessive generally affects only ____. they cannot be passed from father to son but can be passed from father to ____. daughter who is a carrier, therefore ___ a generation. | male. grandson. skipping a generation via sex recessive. |
nondisjunction is the ___. | failure of homologous structures to structure during meiosis 1 or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis 2 |
Meiosis 1 -- produce _____ _____ meiosis 2 -- produce _____ _____ | 1: homologous chromosomes 2: sister chromatids |
trisomy | zygote that has three copies of same chromosmoe. |
Monosomy | single copy of the chromsome |
down syndrome | trisomy of chromosome 21 |
mutations that occur in somatic cells lead to | tumors in the individual |
mutation that occur in sex cells (gametes) | will be transmitted to offspring |
colchicine inhibits ______ therefore causing polyploidy or mustard gas | spindle formation |
______ occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes | Polyploidy |
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a molecular disease caused by inability to produce ____ | proper enzyme for metabolism of phenylalanine |
Cytosine, uracil, thymine are ___ | pyrimidines |
Adenine and Guanine are __ | Purines |
Nucleotide compose of | deoxyribose (sugar), phosophate group, nitrogenous base |
DNA is a ___ stranded helix. | double |
the language of proteins consists of __ words | 20; aka amino acids |
DNA language must be translated by | mRNA |
each codon represent __ amino acid. however most amino acids are represented by __ than one codon. | 1 amino acid. more than. |
___ different codons | 64 |
Dengeneracy or redundancy | most amino acids have more than one codon specifying them. |
RNA is composed of ___. it is ___ stranded. found in the ____ and ___. | ribose sugar, single stranded RNA found in both nucleus and cytoplasm. |
Three different tpes of RNA are: name 3 of them. | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
mRNA transports DNA sequency from nucleus to _____ | ribosomes |
monocistronic is an example of ____. one strand codes for one ___. | mRNA - one mRNA strand codes for one polypeptide. |
tRNA is found in the ___ which aids translation of mRNA nucelotides into ___ | cytoplasm. amino acids. |
there are ___ known tRNA | 40 |
rRNA is synthesis in the | nucleolous |
transcription:dna is transcribed into strand of mRNA which leaves through the ___ | nuclear pores |
translation occurs in the ___. | cytoplasm |
anticodon is ____ to one of the mRNA codons | complementary |
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | an active site that binds to both the amino acid and its corresponding tRNA |
in elongation, ____ ____ form between the mRNA codon in the A site is complementary anti codon | hydrogen bond |
translocation is | ribosome advances 3 nucleotides along the mRNA in the 5 to 3 direction. |
disfulfide bonds form cross bridges with polypeptide chains of ____ and ____ molecular cross bridges. | intra and inter |
plasmids contains ___ genes | contains one or more genes |
episomes are plasmids that are capable of integration into _____ _____ | bacterial genome |
bacterial cells are reproduced by: ____ ____ | binary fission |
transformation for bacterial chromosome is the process of | foreign chromosome fragments - plasmid - is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination |
conjugation can be described as ____ ____ in bacteria | sexual mating |
F factor in ____ ____ | E. Coli |
HFR cells and occurs in ___ | bacteria that have high frequency of recombination |
transduction occurs when fragments of bacterial chromosome accidently become | packaged into viral progeny produced during a viral infection |
recombination in bacteria occurs when when ____ ____ are separated. | linked genes are separated. breakage and rearrangement of adjacent regions of DNA. |
repressor binds to operon, structural genes ____ described | not |
inducer binds to repressor, no binding to operator = structure genes ____ | transcribed. |
inducible systems | repressor binds to operator forming a barrier that prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing. |
Inducer must ____ to repressor in inducible systems forming an ____ ____ complex. | bind, inducer repressor complex. |
in repressible systems, repressor is ____ until it combines with the ____ | inactive, corepressor |
repressor is ____ until it combines with corepressor. in a _____ system. | inactive, repressible. |
corepressors are often____ of biosyntheitc pathwayways | end-products |
constitutive operons containing mutations whose regulator genes code for defective repressors are ____ of being turned off | incapable |
lytic cycle | causing it to burst by taking over genetic machinery |
lysogenic cycle | does not lyse the hot cells but replicates and eventually enters the lytic cycle. |
bacteria containing proviruses are normally ____ to further infections | resistant |
males ____ be carries for lethal genes | cannot |
genes will be inherited only from ____ carriers | female |
all males with the early acting sex-linked lethal recessive allele will ____ | die |
cleavage is the ___. what kind of division is it? | early embryonic development is characterized by a series of a rapid mitotic division |
cleavage ____ surface to volume ratio of each cell therefore improving ____ and ____ exchange | increases. nutrient and gas |
indeterminate cleavage, ie? | results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism. ie identical twins |
determinate cleavage is | cells whose future differentiation pathways are determinate at an early development stage. |
first complete cleave of zygote occurs approximately ___ hrs after fertilization | 32 |
fertilization occurs within ____ to ____ hrs | 12-24 |
second cleavage occurs after ____ hrs and the third cleavage occurs after ____ hrs | 60; 72 |
morula | a solid ball of embryonic cells |
blastulation is the process when ____ developes into a fluid filled cavity | morula |
____ is a fluid filled cavity | blastocel |
after four days the hollow sphere of cells is formed called the ____ | blastula |
Morula --> ____ --> blastula --> ____ | blastocel; gasulation |
___ --> blastocel --> ____ --> gastrulation | Morula; blastula |
Gastrulation | cell migrations transform the single cell layer of the blastula into three layered structure known as gastrula. |
Gastulation: Ectoderm includes: | hair, nails, epithelium of nose, mouth and anal canal. lens of eyes, retina, NS |
Gastulation: Mesoderm | Muscular system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonad, ct throughout the body, and portions of digestive and respiratory organs |
gastulation: endoderm | epithelial lining of the digestive n respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining |
chorion | chorion lines the inside of the shell and it is a moist membrane that permits gas exchange |
allatois | sac-like structure is involved in respiration and exretion and contains numerous blood vessels to transport O2, CO2, water, salt, and nitrogenous waste |
amnion | encloses amniotic fluid- aq enironment which protects the developing embryo from shock |
yolk sac | blood vessels in yolk sac transfer food to the devloping embryo |
gas exchange in fetus occurs across the | placenta |
placenta can remove ____ and ____ | c02 and metabolic wastes |
labor the baby comes out of the | cervix |
marsupials are ___ mammals. IE? | nonplacental mammals. offsprings are born early and move to a bounch for the rest of their devlopment. aka kangroos |
protozoans: movement of ___ and ___ accomplished by ___ diffusion within the cell | gases, nutrients, simple. |
cnidarians: hydra and other cnaidarians have body wallas that are____ cells thick. cells are in direct contact with either internal or external environments so no specialized _____ system | 2. circulatory |
Anthropods: ___ circulatory systems. blood is in ___ contact with blood tissues. | open. Directo. |
Sinuses | where exchange occurs. they are spaces. |
annelids: ___ circulatory stems. IE? | earthworms- closed |
aortic loops | five pairs of cessels which connect dorsal vessel to venral vessels |
Earthworms blood lacks ___ blood cells | red blood cells |
human cardiovascular system is composed of a muscular ___ chambered heart | 4 |
blood is pumped into the ___ which branches into a series of ___ | aorta; arteries |
exchange of gases, nutrients, cellular waste products occurs via ____ across ___ __ in humans | diffusion. capillary walls. |
Capillaries then converge into ___ and eventually into veins leading ____ blood back towards the heart | venues. deoxygenated. |
deoxygenated blood into ___ circulatory (___ the lungs) | pulmonary. towards |
oxygenated bloods into ___ circulation (___ the body) | Systemic. throughout. |
right side of the heart pumped ____ blood | Deoxygenated |
Left side of the heart pumps ___ blood | oxygenated |
Two upper chambers are called | atria |
two lower chambers are called | ventricles |
artria are ___ walled | thin |
ventricles are extremely ____ | muscular |
Name three types of blood vessels | arteries, veins, capillaries |
arteries | thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxgenated blood away from the heart. except pulmonary arteries. |
pulmonary arteries transport ___ blood from the heart ___ the lungs | deoxygenated blood; towards |
veins are ____ | thinly walled, ineleastic vessels, carries deoxygenated blood TOWARDS the heart. expect pulmonary veins. |
pulmonary veins carry ___ blood from the lungs __ the heart. | oxyenated. towards. |
vessels transport excess ___ ___ called lymth | intestritial fluid |
Lymph nodes are ___ along lymph vessels containing leukocytes | swelling |
phagocytic cells are | leukocytes |
plasma in blood is the ___ portion | liquid |
blood is an aq mixture of ___, salts, respiratory ___, wastes, hormones, blood protein. | nutrients, gas |
Erythrocytes are | red blood cells |
oxyhemoglobin | when hemoglobin binds oxygen which is a primary form of oxygen transport in RBC |
RBCs circulate in the blood for about ___ days | 120 |
RBC are phagocytized by special cells in the ___ and ___. | Spleen and liver |
erythrocytes are formed from stem cells in the ___ | bone marrow |
Leukocytes are | white blood cells |
TF: leukocytes are larger than erythrocytes and serve protective functions | TRUE |
macrophages | WBC who migrate from blood to tissue and mature in stationary cells. |
Lymphocytes | other WBC that are involved in immune response and production of B cells and T cells |
platelets | cell fragments that lack nuclei and involved in clot formation |
blood transports nutrients and O2 ___ tissues | to |
blood transports wastes and CO2 ___ tissues | from |
___ and ___ are absorbed into the bloodstream at the intestinal capillaries and after processing they are transported throughout the body | amino acids and simple sugars |
waste products diffuses into ___ from surround cells and then these wastes are then delivered to appropriate excretory organs | capillaries |
thromoboplatin | when both platelets and damaged tissues work together to release for clotting factors |
prothrombins active form is known as | thrombin |
thrombin converts to fibrinogen into | fibrin |
threads of fibrins coat the damage and trap blood cells to form a __ | blood clot. |
serum is the fluid left after _____ _____ | blood clotting |
humoral immunity involves the _____ of antibodies | production |
cell-mediated immunity | involves cells that combat fungal and viral infections |
immunoglobulins are ____ which are complex proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger immune system to remove them. | antibodies |
active immunity production of ____ during an immune response. | antibodies |
passive immunity | involves transport of antibodies produced by another individual or organism |
gamma globulin can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by ___ immunity | passive |
histamine | injured cells that cause blood vessels to dilate to increase blood flow to damaged region |
granulocytes | attracted to injury site phagocytize antigenic material. |
____ diffuse to other cells where they prevent spread ofvirus | interferons |
erthyroblastosis fetalis | severe anemia for fetus when RH destroys fetal red blood cells. |
translocation | circulation in plants |
xylem cells are ___ walled, often hollow cells located ____ the vascular bundle. | thicken, inside |
fibrovascular bundle | phloem, cambium, xylem layers |
meristem | refers to the actively diving, undifferentiated cells of a plant |
cambium - provides lateral growth of the ___ by adding to the ___ and ___ | stem, phloem and xylem. |
main functions of the lymphatic system is to __ excess interstitial fluid and return it to the ___ system. | collect; circulatory |
lymphatic system is to ___ chylomicrons from the small intestine and deliver them to the cardiovascular circulation | absorb |
adrenal glands are situated on the top of the ____ and consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla | kidneys |
In response to stress, ____ stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secret steroid hormones aka _____ | ACT (produced by anterior pituitary); corticosteriods |
cortisol and cortisone are examples of | glucocorticoids |
glucocorticoids are involved in ___ regulation and ___ metabolism | glucose and protein |
Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and ____ and decreasing protein synthesis | gluconeogenesis |
mineralocorticoids particularly ____ regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium and total extracellular water volume in the ___ | aldosterone; nephron |
hypertension is | high blood pressure |
adrenal cortex secretes small quantities of ____ | androgens - male qualities (facial hair, etc) |
A steroid hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone, that controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics. | androgen |
Adrenal glands are situated on top of kidney and consists of the | Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
Adrenal cortex secretes corticosteriods which has three different types called: | glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones |
adrenal medulla produces ____ and _____. | epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
catecholamines | class of amino acid derived compounds |
epinephrine | increase conversation of glucogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue - rise in blood glucose levels and increase in basal metabolic rate |
release of adrenal cortical hormones is under the control of _____ | adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ATCH) - anteior or pituitary gland. |
ACTH stimulates the production of ____ and sex steroids | glucocorticoids |
Six hormones of the anterior pituitary are: | FLAT PEG FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH |
GH promotes ____ and ___ growth | bone and muscle |
acromegaly is | disorder characterized by a disproportionate overgrowth of bone. |
prolactin is | stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands |
endorphines is | inhibit perception of pain |
ACTH stimulates the ___ ____ to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids and is regulated by releasing hormone CRF | the adrenal cortex |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones including thyroxin |
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - in females, LH stimulates ____ and formation of the corpus luteum. in males, LH stimulates ___ ____ of the testes to synthesize testosterone. | ovulation; interstitial cells |
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females - | In females, FSH causes maturation of ovarian follicles which begin secretion estrogen. |
FSH in Males - | FSH stimulates maturation of the seminiferous tubules and sperm production |
Melanocyte- Stimulating Hormone (MSH) | Secreted by intermediate lobe of the pituitary. |
Neurohypoophysis (___ pituitary) | posterior pituitary that does not synthesize hormones, stores and releases the peptide hormones oxytocin and ADH. |
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus produce hormones ___ and __ | ADH and oxytocin |
oxytocin | secretes during childbirth, increase strength and frequency of uterine muscle contractions |
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) increases the permeability of the nephron's ____ ___ to water, thereby promoting water reabsorption and increasing ___ volume. | collecting duct; blood |
thyroid gland produces and secrets three types of hormones: | thyroxin, triiodothyronine, calcitonin |
hypothyroidism common symtoms include- (from thyroid) | common symptoms includes a slowed heart rate and respiratory rate, fatigue, cold intolerance, and weight gain |
Thyroid: Hyperthyroidism | overstimulated, resulting in the oversecretion of thyroid hormones. symptoms: increased metabolic heart rate, feeligns of excessive warmth, profuse sweating, palpitations, wieght loss, protuding eyes. |
Cretinism | hypothyroidism in newborn infants which is characterized by mental retardation and short stature |
goiter | thyrod often enlarges forming a bulge in the neck |
insulin ____ plasma glucose | decreases |
glucagon ___ plasma glucose | increase |
growth hormones, the glucocorticoids, epinephrine are all capable of ____ plasma glucose | increase |
islets of langerhans | composed of alpha and beta cells in pancreas. |
alpha cells produce and secrete _____ beta cells produce and secrete ___ (PANCREAS) | glucagon; insulin |
glucaagon stimulates protein and fat degradation, from glycogen to ____ and ____. | glucose and gluconeogenesis - all to increase blood glucose levels. |
Insulin's - protein hormone secreted in response to a ___ blood glucose concentration. | high |
insulin's underproduction leads to _____ which is characterized by hyperglycemia(high blood glucose levels) | diabetes mellitus |
parathyroid glands are embedded in posterior surface of thyroid. they synthesize and secrete ____ hormone which regulates plasma ___ concentration. | Parathyroid hormone (PTH); Ca2+. |
when blood volume falls, kidneys produce ____ | renin |
renin is an enzyme that converts plasma protein ____ to angiotensis I. | angiotensinogen |
Aldosterone helps ____ blood volume by ____ sodium reabsorption at the kidney leading to an increase in water. | restore - increasing |
Aldosterone secretion occurs in the | Kidneys & Adrenal Cortex |
parathyroid glands increases ___ | Ca2+ |
CalciTONIN ___ CA2+ | decreases |
Gastrin is a hormone that is stimulated in the stomach from _____ | ingested foods |
Gastrin is carried to the ___ glands and stimulates the glands to secret ___ in response to food in stomach. | gastric; HCL |
Secretion is released by the ___ intestine when acidic food material enters from the stomach | small |
carbohydrates is digested in the | in mouth and small intestine |
stomach only digest | protein |
gastrin produces ______ | gastric glands |
gastric glands produces | HCl |
pepsigen (gen-inactive) produces | pepsin |
Pepsin (in-active) breaks down | proteins |
Chief cells produce | pepsinigen |
Secretin is a ___ system that neutralize the ____ from the ___ in order to be processed in the small intestine | bicarbonate system that neutralize the acidity from the chime in order to be processed in the small intestine |
boblus | food that goes down esophagus --> not acidic |
peristasis | movement down the esophagus. contractions.. |
cardiac splinter | cuts the food off from the esophagus to the stomach. to gastrin -> gastric glands -> HCL -> pepsigen |
Pyloric splinter | food cutting from the stomach to the small intestine |
chyme | new acidic ball of food that enters small intestine; partly digested food from stomach. |
most all nutrients is located in the ___ intestine | small |
villi are located in the small intestine that contains ______ that absorbs everything | microvilli |
After microvilli does his job, it moves to the ____ intestine that absorbs water and salt. | large |
CCK breaks down | FATS |
pineal gland at base of brain secretes | melatonin |
(Cholecystokinin) released from ____ in response to the presence of ____ and causes the contraction of the gallbladder to releases ___ into small intestine | small intestine; FAT; bile |
bile | digestion of fats |
melatonin helps people discover the physiological cycle of ____ | hours in a day |
peptide hormones have specific ____ on the surface of their target cells | receptors |
Cyclic AMP is a ____ messenger | 2nd |
cAMP relaying messages from ____ peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes and initiates series of ____ | extracellular; rxns |
cyclic amp is inactivated by cytoplasmic enzyme _____ | phosphodiesterase |
steroid hormones enter target cells directly by bind to specific receptor proteins in the ___ | cytoplasm |
phototropism is when auxins make plants bend ____ the light | towards |
indoleacetic acid is one of the ___ associated with photropism | auxins |
auxin is a plant ___ | hormone |
geotropism is the growth of portions of plants ___ or ____ gravity | towards; away |
negative geotropism causes plants to grow ____ and ____ from gravity | away and upward |
positive geotropism causes plants to grown ____ the pull of gravity | towards. leaves goes down... |
gibberelins stimulate rapid stem____. | elongation |
kinetin promotes ______ in auxins (plant hormone) | cell division |
ethylene is the process of ____ ripening | fruit |
Inhibitors block ____ and serve an important role in growth regulation. | cell division |
abscisic acid is one of the most important ____ that break down gradually so buds and seeds can become active in the next growing season. | inhibitor |
acromegaly is the | overproduction of growth hormones in plants |
thyroid hormone deficiency may result in | cretinism |
melatonin helps people discover the physiological cycle of ____ | hours in a day |
peptide hormones have specific ____ on the surface of their target cells | receptors |
Cyclic AMP is a ____ messenger | 2nd |
cAMP relaying messages from ____ peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes and initiates series of ____ | extracellular; rxns |
cyclic amp is inactivated by cytoplasmic enzyme _____ | phosphodiesterase |
steroid hormones enter target cells directly by bind to specific receptor proteins in the ___ | cytoplasm |
phototropism is when auxins make plants bend ____ the light | towards |
indoleacetic acid is one of the ___ associated with photropism | auxins |
auxin is a plant ___ | hormone |
geotropism is the growth of portions of plants ___ or ____ gravity | towards; away |
negative geotropism causes plants to grow ____ and ____ from gravity | away and upward |
positive geotropism causes plants to grown ____ the pull of gravity | towards. leaves goes down... |
gibberelins stimulate rapid stem____. | elongation |
kinetin promotes ______ in auxins (plant hormone) | cell division |
ethylene is the process of ____ ripening | fruit |
Inhibitors block ____ and serve an important role in growth regulation. | cell division |
abscisic acid is one of the most important ____ that break down gradually so buds and seeds can become active in the next growing season. | inhibitor |
acromegaly is the | overproduction |
thyroid hormone deficiency may result in | cretinism |
growth hormone promotes growth of ___ | promotes growth of muscles |
ACTH stimulates _____ of glucocorticoids | stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids |
Oxtocin increase _____ during childbirth | increase contractions during childbirth |
progresterone prepares ____ for implantation of fertilized egg | prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg |
aldodesterone induces water reabsorption in ____ | kidneys |
glucagon stimulates ____ of glucose into blood | stimulates release of glucose into blood |
throxine ____ rate of metabolism | increase rate of metabolism |
negative feedback is ____ whereby an end-product inhibits one or more of the earlier steps that lead to its production/secretion | regulation |
glucagon is secreted in the | pancreas |
oxytocin and vasopressin are produced by the _____ and released by the ____. | hypothalamus; pituitary |
negative geotropism is | when leaves are going against gravity, meaning their leaves folds up. |
myelin is produced by ___ in NS | glial cells |
myelin is produced by ___ in CNS | oligodendrocytes |
myelin is produced by ___ in PNS | schwann cells |
deporalization in action potential allows voltage gate ___ channels to rush down gradient ___ the cell | NA+, into |
Reporalization in action potential allows voltage gate ___ channels to open and down gradient. | K+ |
refactory period | difficult or impossible to initiate another action potential |
the greater the ____ of the axon and the more heavily it is myelinated, the faster the impulses will travel | diameter |
effector cells | ability to have neurons to communicate with postsynaptic cells other than neurons such as muscle or glands. |
neurotransmitters are the nerve terminal contains thousands of membrane bound vesicles full of ______ _____ | chemical messengers |
curare blocks the __ synaptic acetylcholine receptor that it is unable to interact with its receptor | post |
botulism toxin prevents realese of _____ from presynaptic membrane | acetylcholine |
_____ is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans. | acetylcholine |
anti-cholinesterases are used as ____ gases and insecticide parathoin. it inhibits the actiity of acetylcholinesterarse where ____ coordinated muscle contractions can occur. | nerve, no |
protozoa is a ___ organism that possess no organized NS | unicellular |
Cnidaria have a simple nervous system aka ___ | nerve net. |
___ possess a CNS consists of defined ventral nerve cord, anteror brian, clusters of nerve cells. | annelida |
____ possess a CNS consists of defined ventral nerve cord, anterior brian, clusters of nerve cells but also contain specialized sense organs | arthropoda |
afferent neurons are | neurons that carry sensory info about the extenoral or internal environment to brian and spinal cord |
efferent neurons are | neurons that carry motor commands from brian or spinal cord to various part of body |
interneurons participate only in local circuits linking sensory andmotor neurons in the brian and spinal cord. their cell body and nerve terminals are in the ___ location | same |
a network of nerve fiber are known as | plexus |
ganglia | neuronal cell bodies often cluster together in PNS |
nuclei of cell bodies are located in the ___ | CNS |
forebrain (prosencephalon) consists of ___ and ____ | telencephalon and diencephalon |
telencephalon is the ____ cortex which is highly convoluted gray matter and can be seen at the surface. | cerebral. |
The cerebral cortex processes and integrates ___ input and ___ responses and is important for memory and creative thought. | sensory and motor |
Olfactory bulb is the center for ____ and integration of olfactory input | reception |
diencephalon contains the ___ and ____ | thalamus and hypothalamus |
thalamus is a relay and integration center for the ____ and ___ | spinal cord and cerebral cortex |
hypothalamus controls ______ | hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, blood pressure, temp regulation. endocrine system. |
midbrain (mesencephalon) relay center for ____ and ____ impulses. important for motor control. | visual and auditory |
hindbrian (rhombencephalo) is the posterior of the brian which contains three things: | cerebellum, pons, medulla |
cerebellum helps ___ initiated by cerebellum for maintenance of balance, hand-eye coordination, timing of rapid movement | motor impulses |
pons in hindbrain acts a relax cortex to communicate with the __- | cerebellum |
medulla controls three things. name it. also known as medulla oblongata. | breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity |
brainstem is constitute of three things: | medulla, pons, midbrain |
sensory info enters spinal cord through the ____ | dorsal horn |
all motor info exists the spinal cord through the ____ | ventral horn |
PNS consist of ___ and ___- | nerves and ganglia |
somatic NS innervates skeletal muscles and is responsible for | movement |
Autonomic nervous system innervates ___ and ___ muscles | cardia and smooth |
norepinephrine is used as a primary neurotransmitter in the | sympathetic NS |
parasympathetic division acts to conserve energy and rest of body to resting activity levels. T/F | True |
vagus nerve uses acetylcholine as a primary neurotransmitter in the PNS ystem that innervates many ___ and ____ viscera | thoracis and abdominal |
cones respond to ___ intensity illumination and are sensitive to ___ | high, colors |
rods detect ____ intensity illumination and are important in ___ vision | low, night |
cornea focuses ___ | light rays |
sclera is the ___ of the eye | white |
choroid layer helps supply retina with __- | blood |
retina contians ____ that sense light | photreceptors |
iris control ___ | pigment |
lens and the shape and the focal length of which is controlled by the ____ muscles | ciliary |
axons of the ganglion cells bundle to form the ____ | optic nerves which conduct visual info to the brian |
fovea is a densely packed with ____ and is important for high acuity vision | cones |
vitreous humor in eye maintains its ___ and ___ properties | shape and optical |
aqueous humor is formed by the eye and exits through ducts to join the ___ blood | venous |
myopia (nearsightedness) occurs when the image is focus _____ of the eye | in front |
hyperopia (farsightedness) occurs when the image is focus ___ the retina | behind |
astigmatism is caused by irregularly shaped ___- | cornea |
cataracts develop when the lens become opaque where light ___ enter the eye and blindness results | cannot |
resting membrane potential in a neuron result of an unequal distribution of ions between the inside and the outside of the cell. T/F | True |
Resting membrane potential of a neuron depends on three things: | differential distribution of ions across axon membrane, active trarnsport, selective permeability |
___ and ___ focuses light on the retina | cornea and lens |
____ is when the neuron goes past the resting potential and becomes even more negative inside than normal | hyperpolarization |
acetylcholine is ____ in the synapatic cleft by the enzyme acetycholinesterase after it has acted upon the postsynaptic membrane | inactive |
The chemical compound_______ (often abbreviated ACh) is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system | acetylcholine |
One NADH is produced per PGAL, for a total for ___ NADH | 2 |
Alcohol fermentation occurs in | Yeast and Bacteria |
Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in | Fungi and bacteria |
Cellular respiration is the most efficent catabolic pathway used by organisms to harvest the energy stored in ___ | glucose |
Glycolysis yields ____ ATP | 2 |
Cellular Respiration can yield ___ to ____ ATP | 36-38 |
in cellular respiration, ___ is the final acceptor of electrons | Oxygen |
CELLULAR respiration occur in the eukaryotic ____. | mitochondrion |
Pyruvate decarboxylation in the mitochondrial matrix loses ___ and the coenzyme A to from ____ | CO2, acetyl COa |
Pyruvate decarboxylation reduced ___ to ___ | NAD+; NADH |
In Kreb cycle, __ CO2 are released | 2 |
In Kreb cycle, __ atp is produced by substrate level phosphorylation | 1 |
In Kreb cycle, NAD+ and FAD generates ___ and ___ | NADH and FADH2 |
NADH produces how many times | x3 |
FADH2 produces how many times | x2 |
ETC occurs inside the _________ | inner mitochondrial membrane. |
cytochromes are | electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin in structure of active site. |
IN SUBSTRATE level phosphorylation, 1 glucose molecules yields ___ atp from glycolysis and __ ATP for each turn of the kreb cycle. Thus ___ ATP are produced. | 2; 1; 4 |
In oxidative phosphorylation, 2 pyruvate yields __ NADH for a total of ___ NADH | 1; 2 |
In oxidative phosphorylation, each turn of the citric cycle yields ___ NADH and ___ FADH2 for a total of __ NADH and ___ FADH2 | 3; 1. 6;2. |
Glycolysis occurs in the __ | Cytoplasm |
Glycolysis makes _ ATP | 2 |
Pyruvate makes __ ATP | -2 |
Kreb Cycle makes _ ATP | 2 |
ETC makes __ ATP | 34 |
Net ATP made in cellular respiration (eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?) | 36; 38 |
Fermentation occurs in the | Cytoplasm |
Pyruvate decarboxylation occurs in the | inner mitochrondion matrix |
Kreb Cycle occurs in the | inner mitochondrion matrix |
ETC occurs in the | mitochondrion inner membrane |
In Kreb cycle, breakdown of _____ generates nadh, fadh2, atp | acetyl coA |
2 Pyruvate --> ____ --> 2 acetyl coA | pyruvate decarboxylation |
glycogen is stored in the ____ | liver |
fat molecules are stored in | adipose tissues |
fats hydrolyzed by ___ to fatty acids and ____ | lipases; glycerol |
Glyceryol is converted to ____ | PGAL |
Fats yields the ____ number of ATP per gram | greatest |
transamination rxn is when proteins lose an ___ group and are converted to acetyl CoA, pyruvate in the kreb cycle | amino group |
oxidative deamination removes ___ molecules directly from an amino acid | ammonia |
Cnidaria are ___ and ____ | Protozoa and Hydra |
Cnidaria is when every cell is in ___ with the external environment of ____ where respiratory gases can be exchanged between cell and the environment by simple diffusion through cell membrane. | contact; water |
Annelids are - mucus secreted by cells on extrenal surface of earthworm's body provides a moist surface for gaseous exchange by ___ | diffusion |
Annelids circulatory system brings ___ to cells and waste produce ___ back to skin for exretion | O2; CO2 |
Cnidarias are basically have a mouth that eats and shits in the same place. | TRUE |
Annelids are basically ones that have aortic loops of heart goes in 02 and shits out C02, ie. earthworms. one anus one mouth | TRUE |
Arthropod phylum are grasshoppers that have respiratory tubes called ___ | tracheae |
Arthropods chews their food and has a respiratory system.. | True |
Gas exchange between the lungs and circulatory system occurs across very thin walls of the ____ which are air filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches. | alveoli |
___ are air filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches | alveoli |
ventilation is to take in ___ from atm and eliminate co2 from body | oxygen |
during inhalation the diaphragm ___ and flattens the external intercoastal muscle ___ pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and down | contracts |
exhalation is when the lungs and chest walls are highly ____ and tend to recoil to their original position following inhalation | elastic. |
medulla oblongata controls | breathing, ventilaion |
pulmonary capillaries surround the alveoli which diffuses across ___ ____ an those of the alveoli. | capillary walls |
Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air ___ the blood while __ diffuses from the blood into the lungs to be exhaled | into |
Photosynthesis produces ___ and gives off __ while respiration requires ___ to degrade ____ | Glucose; O2 O2; Glucose |
glucose DEGERATION. degeneration means | CELLULAR RESPIRATION |
Fatty acids enter the degrative pathways in forms of | acetyl CoA |
gas exchange in lung is ____ transport | passive |
Air travels through a sequence: Put in order: Trachea, larynx, pharynx, alveoli, bronchi | Pharynx, larynx, trachae, bronchi, alveoli |
chemosynthesis is for simple autotrophic ____ to obtain energy for the manufacture of organic molecule | bacteria |
Photosynthesis converts ___ and water to form ____ and oxyygen | CO2; glucose |
in the light rxn, ___ and ___ are formed | ATP and NADPH |
in the dark rxn, ___ is reduced | CO2 |
photolysis is known as the ___ rxn | light |
Cyclcic e- flow: cofactor carrier is ___ | ferrodoxin |
Noncyclic electron flow: travels from ___ to ___ to transfer ___ for use in the dark rxn | p680 to p700 to transfer NADPH for use in the dark rxn |
cyclic electrron flow exits to p700 and then has a ____ rxn which returns it back and does not move forward to replenish energ. only produces ___ | redox; ATP |
___ escape of high energy electrons from chlorophyll molecules | photoionization |
___is where light reactions occur | Grana |
___ is site of PSI and PSII. | thylakoids |
____ is the light independent reactions occur (like cytoplasm) | Stroma |
6 turns of Calvin cycle produces ____ pgal, ___ RBP, ___ glucose, ___ co2 | 12, 6, 1, 6. |
the sacromere is composed of ___ and ___ filaments | think and thick |
Thin filaments are chains of ____ molecules | actin |
Thick filaments are chains of ____ molecules | myosin |
absolute refractory period is when the muscle is _____ to a stimulus | unresponsive |
latent period is the time between stimulation and the onset of ____ | contraction |
During the latent period (lag time) the action potential spreads along the sacolemma and ____ ions are released | CA2+ |
the link of the _____ is the sacrolemma of the muscle and the nerve terminal | neuromuscular junction |
summation is when the contractions become ____ when stimuli are so frequent that the muscle ___ relax | continuous; cannot |
tetanus is when muscles will fatigue and the contraction will ___ | weaken |
smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary actions by the ___ | ANS |
smooth muscle is found in the digestive tract, bladder, uterus, and blood vessel walls. T/F? | TRUE |
myogenic means | capable of contracting to ATP |
circadian rhythms | animals that associate with the 24hr frame |
spontaneous recovery | if the stimulus is no longer regularly applies, teh response tends to recover over time. |
classical or pavolvian condition involves with teh normal ____ responses with an environment stimuus | autonomic |
salivation reflex has to deal with | arbitray stimulus |
unconditioned stimulus is the innate reflex. ex: | food for salivation. |
unconditioned response is like | salivation for a dog when he hears the bell |
neutral stimulus is a stimulus that has to be combined with an | unconditioned stimulus |
conditioned reflex is the product of the condition experience. t/f | true |
position reinforcement | reward for doing something good. |
negative reinforcement | reward for not doing something bad |
punishment is a condition to ___ exhibiting a given behavior | stop |
extinction is gradual ___ of conditioned responses in absence of reinforcement | elimination |
spontaneous recovery is the recovery of the recovery response after ____ | extinction |
stimulus generalization is the ability of a conditioned organism to respond to a ____ stimuli but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus | similar |
stimulus discrimination involves the ability of the learning organism to differentially respond to a slightly ___ stimuli | different |
efferent neuron has to deal with | motor |
afferent neuron has to deal with | sensory |
reproductive displays are____ behaviors found in all animals including humans. | specific. signals in preparaation for mating |
agonistic displays has to deal with ___ | appeasement such as a dog wagging its tail |
dominant members of the specieis will prevail over a | subordinate one. |
pecking order refers to the _____ hierarchy | social |
olfactory sense is immensely important for ____ | communication |
pheromones that influence the behavior of the ___ species | same |
Releaser pheromones trigger a ____ behavior change in the recipient | reversible. |
primer pheromones produce ____ term behavioral and physiological alterations in recipient animals | long |
releaser pheromones can also secret as alarm and ____ defensive substances | toxic |
simplex reflex is controlled by the ___ by a two neuron pathway from receptor (afferent) to the motor (efferent) | spinal cord |
reticular activating system is when an animal response to potential danger or hearing one's name called. | TRUE |
abiotic environment is the ___ environment | physical. environment we are living in. |
biotic environment is the ___ environment | living. people who live in the environment. |
species is any group of similar organisms that are capable of ___ | reproducing |
organ systems are made out of | organs |
organs are made from | tissues |
tissues are made from | cells |
cells are made from | molecules |
molecules are made from | atoms |
atoms are made of | sub-atomic particles |
population is a group of organisms of the ___ species living together in a given location | same |
biotic community refers to only the populations and ___ their physical environment | not |
ecosystem includes the biotic community and the non-living environment. t/f | true |
biosphere includes all portions of the planet which support life: atmosphere, lithosphere(rock and soil surface) and hydrosphere (oceans). TF | true |
photic zone in water, the top layer through which light can be penetrate, is where all aquatic ____ activity take place | photosynthetic |
aphotic zone only animal life and other heterotrophic ___ exist | life |
loams contain high percentage of each type of | soil |
minerals including nitrates and phosphates affect the type of ____ that can be supported | vegetation |
niche defines the functional role of an organism in its ___ | ecosystem. |
no two species can ever occupy the same niche. t/f | true |
herbivores are animals that consume only ___ | plants and plants food |
symbiotic bacteria is capable of digesting ____ inhabit the digestive tracts of herbivores and allow the breakdown and utilization of cellulose | cellulose |
carnivores are animals that eat other___ | animals. |
omnivores are animals which eats _____ and ____ | plants and animals |
symbionts live____ in an intimate often permanent association which may or may not be beneficial to participants | together |
commensalism, mutualism, parasitism are types of ____ relationships | symbiosis |
commensalism is when | one benefits and one is not affected |
mutalism is when | both organisms benefits |
parasitism is when | parasite benefits and host dies |
ectoparasites are parasites that cling to the ___ surface | exterior |
endoparasites ___ ____ in the host | lives within |
saprophytism includes protists and fungi that ____ dead organic matter | decompose |
scavengers are animals which consumes ____ | Dead animals |
interspecies | relationships between species |
intraspecific cooperation | formation of societies in animal species |
hyperosmotic environment means when organisms ___ water and take in sale | lose. ex: saltwater fish. active exertion of salt across gills |
hyposmotic environment means when the intake of excess water and excess salt ___ | lost. ex: freshwater fish excreting dilute urine. |
poikilothermic are animals who are ___. the environment ____ their actions. | cold blooded. affects. |
homethermic are animals who are ____. animals who are homeotherms need to maintain constant body temp than environments so they have _____. | warm blooded. hairs, fats, feathers to retain heat loss. |
chemosyntthetic bacteria are | producers |
producers are | autrophic plants |
primary consumers are animals which consume ____ | green plants aka herbivores |
secondary consumers are animals who consume | herbivores aka carnivores |
tertiary consumers are animals who consume | carnivores |
saprophytic organisms are | decomposers aka bacteria and fungi. |
Desert Biome: receives less than __ inches a year | 10 |
Desert Biome: desert animals lie in ___ | burrows, holes. |
Grassland biome: by a low rainfall of ___ to ___ inch year | 10-30 |
Grassland biome: no shelter for ____ mammals. ex of mammals are: | herbivorous. zebra, cattle, antelope, bison. |
Tropic rain forests: are jungles by ___ temperatures and torrential ___ | high, rains |
Tropic rain forests: monkeys, lizards, snakes, birds, epiphytes(plants growin on other trees) | TRUE |
Tropic rain forests: trees grow __- | closely together where sunlight hardly reachs teh forest floors. |
examples of places of Tropic rain forests | amazon basin, sotuheast asian, central africa, central america, amazon basin, southeast asai |
examples of places of grassland bioles | rockies, steppes of ukraine, pampas of argentina |
temperate deciduous forest: have ___ winters and ___ summers. ___ rainfalls | cold, warm. moderate. |
temperate deciduous forest: have trees such as | maple, beech, paks, willows which shed their leaves during cold winter months. |
animals in temperate deciduous forest: | deer, fox, woodchuck, squirrels |
temperate deciduous forest: kinda like big bear | true |
temperate coniferous forest: forests are: | cold and dry |
temperate coniferous forest trees consist of | pine, fir, spruce trees |
temperate coniferous forest are areas like | united states and south canada. |
temperate coniferous forest is like mountain high area | true |
taiga biome receive ___ rainfall than temperate forest | less. |
taiga biome have long cold winters and have only one type of coniferous trees aka | spruce |
taiga biome contains on floors of mostly ___ and ___ | moss and linches |
animals in the taiga biome include | moose, black bear, wolf, birds. |
taiga biome consists of areas of ___ and __- | canada and russia |
tundra biome is ___. froze plain between taiga lands and northern ice-sheets | treeless |
tundra has a very short ___ and have animals such as ___ | summers. moss, polar bears, musk oxen, arctic hens. |
polar region is a ___ area with no vegetation and terrestrial animals. | no |
____ areas are the most stable ecosystems, conditions affecting temperature, amt of available oxygen, carbon dioxide | aquatic |
aquatic biomes have two types: ___ and ___ | marine and freshwater |
in the marine biomes: intertidal zone include: it is exposed at low tides which undergoes variations in temperature and periods of dryness. ex? | algae, sponges, clams, snails, sea urchins, starfish, and crabs. |
littoral zone is the region on continental shelf which contains ocean area with depth up to 600. these contains algae, crab, crustaceans, and ___ | fish |
pelgic zone is typical of the open seas and can be divided into ___ and ___ zones | photic and aphotic |
photic zone is the sunlight layer (250-600ft) which contains plant ___. active swimmers such as fish sharks or whales feed on ___ and smaller fish. autrophic chief is diatom, an algae. | plankton |
aphotic zone benefit the photic zone which has no sunlight. no photosyntheiss and only ___ exists. very cold water and high pressures and in complete darkness. contains nekton and benthos (crawling and sessile organisms). firecely competive. | hetertrophic |
freshwater biomes such as rivers, lakes, ponds and marshes. freshwater is ____ creating a diffusion gradient with is a passage of water into cell. | hypotonic |
turgor is a plant cells that have rigid cell walls and build up cell pressure so water can flow ___ | in |
symbiotic relationships are ___ term relationships btw two organisms | long |
black bears living in Yosemite are an example of a __- | population |
a community includes ___ | all species living in a particular area |
photic zone receives __ | light |
aphotic zone has only ___ living | heterotrophic |
a primary consumer feeds on ___ producers | autotrophic |
protists are __ cells and are ____. | single. eukaryotic. |
fungi are _______ plants. they are nonmotile. | non-photosynthetic. |
fungi are either _____ or ____ | saprophytic or parasitic |
saprophytic | bread mold. any organism that lives on dead organic matter |
parasitic | atheleti's food fungus |
plantae has multicellular organisms and are nonmotile and are ____ | photosynthetic |
cyanobacteria are ___. have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments with no flagella. nucleus. chloroplasts. mitochondria. can withstand extreme temp and descended from first organisms. | blue green algae living mostly in fresh water |
cocci are __ shaped | round |
bacilli are __ shaped | rods |
spirilla are __ shaped | spiral |
xylem is ___ conducting | water |
phloem is ___ conducting | food |
bryophyta does not contain ___ | xylem |
bryophyta the ____ is dominant compared to ___ | gametophytes is dom and sporophyte isnt |
in tracheophyta the ___ is dom compared to ___ | sporophte generation is dominant and gametophyte is short lived. |
trachelophyta are ___ plants | vascular |
psilophytes contain ____ instead of roots and one vascular bundle. trachelophyta. | rhizoids |
lycophyta has ___ and nonwoody and contain microphyll leaves. trachelophyta. | roots. |
sphenophyta has roots, leaves, olly joined stems where worls of leaves occur on each joint. this division is part of the ______ | trachelophyta |
pterophyta is the largest division and includes ferns. they grow in length not in width. they grow from an undergrown stem known as ___. trachelophyta | rhizome. |
tracheophta have deep roots instead of rhizoids and helps them grow in great hights because of the woody support system. cellular water storage creats ___ cells. | turgid |
___ are the largest grouping of gymnosperms | conifers |
megaspores are | female |
microspores are | male |
molluscas have calcium carbonate exoskeletons, chambered hearts, blood sinuses, nerve cords. ex: | claims, snails and squid |
annelids has a coelem (true body cavity contained in mesoderm). ex: | earthworms and leeches |
nematods are ___. they have digestive tubes and anus with mesoderm. lacks circuatory systems. ex: | roundworms. hookworm, trichinea, freeliving soil. |
platyhelminthes are _____. bilaterally symmetrical. | flatworms. |
cnadarians only have _ layers of cells. | 2: ecto and endo |
cnadaris have ___ symmetrical | radial |
ex of cnadarians are: | hydra, jelly fish, coral, sea anemones |
____ is an example of a chordate that is not a vertebrate | amphioxus. |
chordates have __ | notochord |
vertebreate has a __- | backbone |
arthropoda are insects that have _______ appendages, chitinous exoskeletons and open circulatory systems | joint. |
three types of anthropods are: | insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. |
archnids are examples of | spiders, scorpions |
crustaceans are examples of | lobser, crayfish, shrimp |
enchinoderms are those who can ____ body parts | regenerate |
chordates have | notochords in early stages of embryologic development. |
lanchelets and tunicates, amphioxus are ___ but not ___ | chordates; vertebrates |
petrification is the process in which minerals ___ the cells of organisms | replace |
CASTs are formed by minerals deposited in ___ | molds. |
analogous means similar structure but ___ origin | different |
homologous means similar structure, ___ origin | same |
natural selection is when genotypes with favorable variations are selected through natural selection and the frequency of the favorable genes ____ within the gene pool | increases |
mutations changes ___ frequencies in a population, shifting equilibrium | allele |
genetic drift is also known as the | founder's effect - changes in composition of gene pool due to chance. |
gene flow - migration of individual between population will result in a loos or gain of genes thus change teh composition of a populations gene flow. TF | TRUE |
deme is a ___ local population | small |
genetic variation, changes in environment, migration to new environments, adaptation to new environments, natural selection and isolations are all factors of | speciation |
adaptive radiation is the emergence of a number of a ___ ancestral species | single |
convergent evolution is when two different classes come to appear like each other physically based on their adapting to the same ___ | niche. environment. |
parallel evolution is when its one origin and separates through time because of separate environments but growing together. true/false | true |
divergent is from one ___ ancestor and because of different involvements changes to two separate species | common |
first primitive cells probably contained ___ polymers | nucleic acid |
autotrophic anaerobes include | chemosynthetic bacteria |
autotrophic aerobes include | green plants and phytoplankton |
heterotrophic anaerobes include | yeast |
heterotrophic aerobes include | amoebas, earthworms, humans |
convergent evolution is when organisms differ phylogenetically develop in similar ways when exposed to similar ___ | environments |
directional selection is when the phenotypic norm of a particular species shifts towards an ___ to adapt to a selective pressure | extreme |
genetic drift aka chance variation has a great effect in ___ population | smaller |
homologous structures are similar in origin but not similar in ___ | function |
filtration in the kidneys where blood plasma enters the ____ through capillary walls surround bowman's capsule. | glomerulus |
filtration in the kidneys is ___ with blood plasma | isotonic |
secretion in the kidneys occur in the | nephron tubule |
secretion in the kidneys secretes ___, ___ and __- | acid, base, ions |
reabsorption in the kidneys secrete ___, ___ and ___ | glucose, salts and amino acids |
reabsorption in the kidneys reabsorbs filtrate and return to __ | blood |
reabsorption in the kidneys is ____ to blood | hypertonic |
reabsorption in the kidneys occurs in the | proximal convoluted tubule |
lowest solute of the osmolarity gradient in the kidneys to highest solute are ____ to ____ | cortex to inner medulla |
osmolarity gradient and concentration of urine are located in the | collecting tubule |
osmolarity gradient collects ___, ___ and ___ | water, salts and urea |
concentration of urine in the medulla of the kidney is ___ | hyperosmolar |
sutures hold bones and ___ together | skull |
ligaments serve as ____ to ____ connectors | bone to bone |
insertion of a bone is the point of attachment of a ___ to ___ that moves | muscle to bone |
flexion is ___ of a joint | bending |
extension is ____ a joint | straightening |
muscle tissue consist of bundles of specialized ___ | contractile fibers |
myofibrils in skeletal muscles are divided into ___ | sarcomeres |
myogenic means that they are capable of contracting without stimulus from nerve cells. examples include: __ and __ | smooth and cardiac |
cerebellum has to do with ___ coordination | motor. without cerebellum people can lose balance. |
cerebrum deals with ___ and __ | sensory and memory. |
thymus is involved in development, maturing, and education of _ cells. | T |
renin is in response to ____ in blood pressure and volume | decrease |