Question | Answer |
1. To detect changes & feel sensations. 2. To initiate appropriate responses to changes. 3. To organize information for immediate use & store it for future use.These are examples of what? | Primary functions of the nervous system. |
Brain & spinal cord are located in which system | CNS |
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are located in which system? | PNS |
Which system contains the autonomic nervous system? | PNS |
What are nerve cells called? | Neurons |
Name the 3 main parts of a neuron. | Cell body, axon, dendrite |
These carry impulses away from the cell body. | Axons |
These carry impulses toward the cell body. | Dendrites |
Where is the neculeus housed? | The cell body |
the peripheral nervous system, the myelin sheath is made up of? | Schwann cells |
In the CNS what makes up the myelin sheath? | Oligodendrocytes |
In Schwann cells there are structures called neurolemas, where are they located? | Outside of the sheath |
Synapse do what? | Allow one-way travel of impulses. |
Schwann cells are present where? | PNS |
There are cells that form the BBB – (blood brain barrier) – what are the cells that make this up? | Astrocytes |
Sensory neuron do what? | Transmit impulses from receptors to the CNS |
Motor neuron reflexes do what? | Transmit impulses from the CNS to the effectors |
Effectors are reflexes that do what? | performs its characteristic action |
___________ transmit impulses from the CNS to the effector. | Motor neurons |
______ contains one or more synapses. | CNS |
What do receptors do? | detect a change (the stimulus) & generate impulses. |
Define Reflex | involuntary response to a stimulus |
Spinal cord reflexes are defined as? | Those that do not depend directly on the brain |
Where are Inter neurons found? | Entirely within the central nervous system |
Mixed nerves are made up of what? | Both sensory and motor neurons |
What are nerve tracks? | A group of functioning related neurons within the cns. |
State the two functions of the spinal cord? | Transmits impulses to and from the brain, and integrates spinal cord reflexes |
The spinal cord is protected from mechanical injury by what bones? | Vertebrae |
Where is cerebral spinal fluid formed? | The choroid plexuses from blood plasma. |
Where is cerebral spinal fluid reabsorbed? | Arachnoid villi |
In the ascending and descending tracks of the spinal cord, what color is the matter? | White |
Cell bodies of motor neuron are located in what matter? | Gray |
Cerebral spinal fluid is found within the _________ of the spinal cord structure. | central canal |
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the cervical area of the spine? | 8 |
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the thoracic area of the spine? | 12 |
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the lumbar area of the spine? | 5 |
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the sacral area of the spine? | 5 |
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are designated for the coccygeal area of the spine. | 1 |
Each ventricle contains a capillary network called ___________. | Choroid Plexus |
List the 4 cavities within the brain. | 2 lateral ventricles (one on each side of the brain). 3rd ventricle. 4th ventricle |
______ is the Cardiac center of the brain and it job is to regulate heart rate; Vasomotor center regulate the blood vessel diameters (BP); Respiratory center to regulate breathing; Reflex center for coughing, sneezing, swallowing & vomiting. | Medulla |
What are the 4 cavities of the brain that contain the structures that create CSF? | Ventricles |
The _________ is located anteriorly from the upper part of the medulla and it's job is to regulate respirations. | Pons |
The location of the __________ extends from spinal cord to pons & anterior to cerebellum. | Medulla |
The location of the _____ extends from pons to the hypothalamus & encloses the cerebral aqueducts and maintains balance or equilibrium and regulates visual & auditory reflexes. | Midbrain |
The location of the__________ is separated from medulla & pons by the 4th ventricle & inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. Responsible for coordination and regulation of muscle tone. | Cerebellum |
The location of the__________ is superior to the pituitary gland & inferior to the thalamus. It is responsible for hormones, body temp, food intake, integration of ANS function, regulate body rhythms. | Hypothalamus |
The location of the __________ superior to the hypothalamus & inferior to the cerebrum; 3rd ventricle passes through it. Suppresses unimportant sensations; Groups incoming impulses & integrates them. | Thalamus |
_____________ is the upper most portion of brain & largest part; responsible for Sensory perception, emotions, willed movement, consciousness & memory. | Cerebrum |
__________ connects the right and left hemisphere of the brain at the base of the fissure. | Corpus Callosum |
Gray matter surface of the cerebrum. Under or internal to gray matter is white matter.What is this? | Cerebral cortex |
What are the groves of cerebrum between gyri called? | Fissures or sulci. |
Folds of cerebrum are called _________ and they allow for increased number of neurons | Convolutions or gyri |
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes, what are they called? | Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
______ Lobes generate impulses for voluntary movement; Broca’s motor speech area | Frontal |
__________ Lobes: Interpret cutaneous sensations Taste area and conscious muscle sense | Parietal |
________ Lobes: Olfactory areas for smell and auditory areas for hearing | Temporal |
_______ Lobes: Visual areas | Occipital |
The Gray matter of the brain is also known as ________. | Cerebral Cortex |
The folds of the brain are called________? | Convolutions or gyri |
Groves of cerebrum between gyri are called _________? | Fissures or sulci |
In which lobe of the brain is the brochus motor speech area? | Frontal |
Neurons are electrically insulated by which structure? | Myelin sheath |
The connective tissue membrane that covers the brain spinal cord is called? | Meninges |
The outer layer of the connective tissue that covers the brain is called? | Dura Mater |
The middle layer of the connective tissue that covers the brain is called? | Arachnoid membrane |
The inner layer of the connective tissue that covers the brain is called? | Pia Mater |
The formation of cerebral spinal fluid is it continuous process or intermittent process? | Continuous |
How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have? | 12 |
Making up the autonomic nervous system is visceral motor they go to three structures, what are they? | Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
The ANS has two divisions, what are they and when are they dominant? | Sympathetic when stressed, Parasympathetic – when relaxed |
Sympathetic is one division of the ANS, it responds to __________. | Stress |
Algophobia – | Fear of pain |
Hematophobia – | Fear of blood |
Latrophobia – | Fear of physicians |
Olfactophobia – | Fear of odor |
Pathophobia – | Fear of disease |
Pharmacophobia – | Fear of drugs |
Sitophobia – | Fear of food |
Thanatophobia – | Fear of death |
Ttoxiohobia – | Fear of being poisoned |
Traumatophobia – | Fear of injury |
Acetylcholine is a neuro __________. | Transmitter |
Cholinesterase is a neuro _________. | Inactivator |
Norepinephrine is a neuro ___________. | Transmitter |
MAO is a neuro ____________. | Inactivator |
Paralysis on one side of the body is called? | Hemiparesis |
Dysphasia is? | Difficulty with speech |
Dysphasgia is? | Difficulty swallowing |
Dizziness is also called? | Vertigo |
Cephalgia | Headache |
Diplopia | Double vision |
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale | A neurological assessment |
Tia (Transient Ischemic Attack) - | Temporary episodes of impaired neurologic function caused by inadequate blood flow to portions of the brain |
Epideral hematoma - | Collection or mass of blood that forms between the skull & the dura mater |
Cerebral concussion - | Bruising of the cerebral tissue from a violent back & forth movement of the head (acceleration-deceleration insult). Blunt force trauma |
Cerbral contusion - | More severe than a concussion bruising of tissues along or just beneath the surface of the brain |
Paraplegia - | loss of nerve function below the waist & paralysis of the lower trunk & legs |
Quadriplegia - | loss of nerve function below the cervical region resulting in paralysis of the arms, hands, trunk & legs |
Peripheral Neuritis / Neuropathy - | Degeneration of a peripheral nerve(s) |
Spinal stenosis (Sciatic Nerve Injury) - | Trauma, degeneration or rupture of the nucleus puplosus within intervertebral disk L4 through S1. Stenosis – narrowing of spinal canal |
Parkinson’s - | Slow progressive neurologic disorder with onset of recognizable disturbances “pill rolling” tremor of the thumb & forefinger, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement & postural instability |
Huntington’s coria - | Hereditary degenerative of the cerebral cortex & basal ganglia – progressive atrophy |
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) - | Lou Gehrig disease, progressive, destructive motor neuron disease resulting in muscular atrophy |
Tic Douloureux (Trigeminal Neuralgia) - | Pain in the area of the 5th cranial nerve |
Bell Palsey - | 7th cranial nerve disorder causing sudden onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles |
Guillain-Barré - | Acute rapidly progressive disease of the spinal nerves. Patients experience numbness & tingling of feet & hands with increasing muscle pain & tenderness. Ascending paralysis move up the body in 24-72 hours. |
Meningitis - | Inflammation of the meninges |
Encephalitis - | inflammation of the brain tissue |
T/F - Autistic disorder is a syndrome of extreme hyperactivity. | False |
T/F - Turets disorder multiple motor or one or more motor ticks. | True |
T/F - Alzheimer’s disease is most frequently cause of dimentia in people over 65. | True |
T/F - Bipolar disorder patients experience major mood swings from hyperactivity to depressive moments. | True |
Somatiform disorders are a group of mental disorders in which you first experience physical symptoms with or without an underlyning organic cause? | Without – all in their head |
T/F - Munchhausen syndrome occurs when a patient stimulates symptoms of illnesses to gain attention. | True |
T/F - Sleep apnea is when a patient experiences periods of difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep . | False |
List 5 distinctive personality disorders. | Schizoid, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial Paranoid |