Question | Answer |
An example of a noninvasive cardiology procedure/service is. | cardiovascular stress test |
What is the name of the procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from the space around the heart through a needle and a catheter is left in to allow for continued drainage. | pericardiocentesis |
The device that can be inserted into the body to electrically shock the heart into regular rhythm | cardioverter-defibrillator |
What type of cardiology is a diagnostic specialty that uses radioactive elements to aid in the diagnosis of cardiology conditions | nuclear |
A ___ is a mass of undissolved matter that is present in blood and is transported by the blood | embolus |
A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs. | pulmonary artery |
Contraction phase of the heartbeat | systole |
Located between the left upper and lower chambers of the heart | mitral valve |
Saclike membrane surrounding the heart | pericardium |
Sensitive tissue in the right atrium wall that begins the heartbeat | sinoatrial node |
Blood vessels branching from the aorta to carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle | coronary arteries |
Disease of heart muscle | cardiomyopathy |
Inflammation of a vein | phlebitis |
A local widening of an artery | aneurysm |
Bluish coloration of the skin | cyanosis |
Can lead to myocardial infarction. Blood is held back from an area. Can be caused by thrombotic occlusion of a blood vessel. May be a result of coronary artery disease. | ischemia |
Chest pain relieved with nitroglycerin. | angina |
Cardiac arrhythmia | fibrillation |
small, pinpoint hemorrahages | petechiae |
drug used to strengthen the heartbeat | digitalis |
Removal of plaque from an artery | endarterectomy |
The pacemaker of the heart is the | sinoatrial node |
The sac-like membrane surrounding the heart is the | pericardium |
The contractive phase of the heartbeat is called | systole |
The relaxation phase of the heartbeat is called | diastole |
Abnormal heart sound caused by improper closure of heart valves is | murmur |
Hardening of arteries | arteriosclerosis |
Enlargement of the heart | cardiamegaly |
Inflammation of a vein with a clot | thrombophlebitis |
Disease condition of heart muscle | cardiomyopathy |
Condition of rapid heart beat | tachycardia |
Smallest blood vessel | capillary |
Largest artery in the body | aorta |
lower chamber of the heart | ventricle |
Carries blood from the lungs to the heart | pulmonary vein |
Brings blood to heart from upper parts of the body | superior vena cava |
Upper chamber of the heart | atrium |
Valve between the left atrium and ventricle | mitral valve |
Small artery | arteriole |
Valve between the right atrium and ventricle | tricuspid valve |
Failure of condiction of impulses from the AV node to bundle of His | heart block |
Blood is held back from tissues | ischemia |
Mass of plaque (cholesterol) | atheroma |
Narrowing of a vessel | vasoconstriction |
Dead tissue in heart muscle | myocardial infarction |
Chest pain | angina |
Blockage of a vessel due to a clot | thrombotic occlusion |
High density lipoproteins | HDL |
Treatment to dissolve clots in blood vessels | thrombolytic theraphy |
Tube is introduced into a vessel and guided into the heart to detect pressures and blood flow | cardiac catheterization |
White blood cell with reddish gra ules; numbers increase in allergic reactions | eosinophil |
Protein threads that form the basis of a clot | fibrin |
Method of separating out plasma proteins by electrical charge | electrophoresis |
Foreighn material that invades the body | antigens |
Pigment produced from hemogloblin when red blood cells are destroyed | bilirubin |
Anticoagulant found in the blood | heparin |
Deficiency in numbers of white blood cells | neutropenia |
Immature red blood cell | erythroblast |
Derived from bone marrow | myeloid |
Breakdown of recipient’s red blood cells when incompatible bloods are mixed | hemolysis |
Sideropenia occurs causing deficient production of hemoglobin | iron-deficiency anemia |
Reduction in red cells due to excessive cell destruction | hemolytic anemia |
Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow | aplastic anemia |
Formation of lymph | lymphopoiesis |
Abdominal organ that filters erythro-cytes and activates lymphocytes | Spleen |
Produces lymphocytes and monocytes and all other blood cells | Bone marrow |
Slight increase in numbers of lymphocytes | Lymphocytosis |
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes | Hodgkin disease |
Red blood cell | erythrocyte |
White blood cell; phagocyte and precursor of a macrophage | monocyte |
Thrombocyte | platelet |
Leukocyte formed in lymph tissue; produces antibodies | lymphocyte |
Leukocyte with dense, reddish granules; associated with allergic reactions | eosinophil |
Leukocyte (poly) formed in bone marrow and having neutral-staining granules | neutrophil |
Leukocyte whoes granules have an affinity for basic stain; releases histamine and heparin | basophil |
Deficiency in numbers | erythrocytopenia |
Reduction of hemoglobin ("color") | hypochromic |
Increase in numbers of small cells | microcyctosis |
Erythremia | polycythemia vera |
Increase in numbers of large cells | macrocytosis |
formation of red cells | erythropoiesis |
Destruction of red cells | hemolysis |
Relieving, but not curing | palliative |
Deficiency of all blood cells | pancytopenia |
Increase in numbers of granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions | eosinophilia |
Symptoms of disease return | relapse |
Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages; blood accumulates under the skin | purpura |
Separation of blood into its components | apheresis |
Measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood | hematocrit |
Determines the number of clotting cells per cubic millimeter | platelet count |
Ability of venous blood to clot in a test tube | coagulation time |
Measures the speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma | erthrocyte sedimentation rate |
Determines the numbers of different types of WBCs | WBC differential |
Determines the presence of antibodies in infants of Ph-negative women or patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia | Coombs test |
Blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient | autologous transfusion |
process of recording heart sound, studies structures & motions of the heart | echocardigraphy |
decreased blood supply of oxygen to body part | ischemia |
local abnormal dilation of a vessel. usually an artery | aneurysm |
irregularity in heart action | arrhythmia |
consist of the cardiovascular sytem (heart and blood vessels) and the lymphatic system (conveyance of the fluid lymph) | circulatory Sytem |
the fluid portion of the blood in which corpuscles are suspended | plasma |
the sac that is made up of a double membrane which encloses the heart | pericardium |
inflammation of the pericardium. | peritcarditis |
forms the lining inside of the heart | endocardium |
often caused by infective organisms that invade the endocardium | endocarditis |
heart muscle itself | myocardium |
inflammation of the heart muscle | myocarditis |
general dyognostic term that designates primary heart disease | cardiomyopathy |
blood vessels that supply oxygen to the heart | coronay arteries |
severe pain and constriction about the heart caused by an insufficient supply of blood to the heart | angina pectoris |
irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heart beat | arrhythmia |
enlarged size of the heart | cardiomegaly |
a severe cardiay arrhythmia in which contractions are too rapid and to uncoordinated for effective blood circulation | fibrillation |
an electronic apparatus that delivers a shock to the heart to restore a proper rhythm | defribillator |
cessation of the heartbeat; a clinical condition resulting from failure of the heart to pump the blood effectively and to maintain adequate circulation of the blood | heart failure |
a condition characterized by weakness, breathlessness and edema in the lower portions of the body | congestive heart failure |
a soft blowing or rasping sound that may be heard when listening to the heart | heart murmur |
excessive blood in heart | hyperlipemia |
formation of a localized area of tissue that under goes necrosis (death of tissue) following lack of blood supply to that area. | infarction |
death of an area of the heart muscle that occurs as a result of oxygen deprivation | myocardial infarction |
defeciency of blood supply to the myocardium | myocardial ischemia |
a serious condition in which blood flow to the heart is reduced to such an extent that the body tissues do not receive enough blood | shock |
refers to operative procedures on the heart after it has been exposed through an incision of the chest wall | open heart surgery |
is the method used to divert blood away from the heart and lungs temporarily while surgery of the heart and major vessels is performed | Cardiopulmonary bypass |
artificial pacemaker implanted to keep the heart rhythm within a desirable range in patients who suffer from severe arrhythmia | pacemaker implant |
tha passage of a long flexible tube into the heart chambers through a vein in an arm or a leg or the neck | cardiac catherterization |
uses sound waves bounced off tissue to produce a record called a sonogram | ultrasound |
is the term generally associated with the use of ultrasonography in diagnosing heart disease | echocardiograph |
is the record of the heart obtained by directing ultrasonic waves through the chest wall | echocardiogram |
is produced by recording the electrical currents of the heart muscle using a device calle an electrocardiograph | electrocardiogram |
is recommended as an emergency first aid procedure to re-establish heart and lung action if breathing or heart action has stopped | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
is an increase in the diameter of the blood vessel | vasodilation |
drugs that dilate the blood vessels are sometimes used to treat hypertension | vasodilators |
Build-up of plaque on the walls of the coronary arteries. | Coronary Heart Disease |
reduction of the platelet count below the normal range of 150,000 to 400,000/ul (150 x 400 x 109/L) | thrombocytopenia |
thrombocyte | platelet |
a process by which WBC’s ingest or engulf any unwanted organism and then digest and kill it | phagocytosis |
marked decrease in the number of RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets | pancytopenia |
a reduction of the neutrophil count to less than 1000 to 1500/ul (1 to 1.5 x 109/L) | neutropenia |
a total white blood count less than 4,000/ul | leukopenia |
destruction of erythrocytes | hemolysis |
a protein-iron molecule that is the major compnent of erythrocytes and transports oxygen | hemoglobin |
blood cell production | hematopoieses |
the study of blood and blood-forming tissues | hematology |
vomiting of blood that indiacates bleeding in the upper GI tract; may be bright red or of "coffee ground" character | hematemesis |
process of red blood cell production | erythropoiesis |
a manifestation of a pathologic process characterized by a reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes, quantity of hemoglobin, and/or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit) in the blood | anemia |
a disease in which the patient has peripheral blood pancytopenia (decrease of all blood cells types) and hypocellular bone marrow | aplastic anemia |
in transplantation, denotes removal of the patients own tissue and the fiving back of the tissue to that person | autologous |
a serious bleeding disorder resulting from abnormally initiated and accelerated clotting | disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
an autosomal recessive disease characterized by increased intestinal iron absorption and, as a result, increased tissue iron depostition | hemachromatosis |
an anemia caused by destruction of RBC’s at a rate that ex ceeds production | hemolytic anemia |
heraditary bleeding disorders caused by defective or deficient clotting factors; classic hemophilia A is a sexlinked recessive genetic disorder caused by deficient factor VIII; hemophilia B is a deficiency of factor IX | hemophilia |
anemia caused by inadequate iron for hemoglobin production | iron-deficiency anemia |
process by which blood is withdrawn from a vein, white blood cells are selectively removed, and the remaining blood is reinfused into the donor | leukapharesis |
general term used to describe a group of malignant disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming tissues of the bone marrow, lymph system, and spleen | leukemia |
enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels | lymphadenopathy |
large immature cells that normally develop into lymphocytes | lymphoblasts |
defect in proliferation and maturation of lymphocytes | lymphocytic leukemia |
a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms involving lymphoid tissue | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
type of megaloblastic anemia resulting from inadequate gastric secretion of intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of cobalamin (vitamin B12) | pernicious anemia |
production and presence of increased numbers of red blood cells | polycythemia |
an exacerbation of sickle cell anemia when sickle cell hemoglobin assumes various crescent or sickle shapes, occluding small blood vessels | sickle cell crisis |
group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte | sickle cell disease |
abnormal hemoglobin that caused development of deformed crescent-shaped red blood cells when oxygen tension is lowered | sickle cell hemoglobin |
heterozygous state in which an individual has only one sickle cell gene paired with a normal homoglobin gene | sickle cell trait |
abnormal enlargement of the spleen | splenomegaly |
an autosomal recessive genetic disorde of inadequate production of normal hemoglobin | thalassemia |
a reduction of the platelet count below the normal range of 150,000 to 400,000/ul | thrombocytopenia |
What is the term for vomiting blood? | hematemesis |
Leading cause of death for smokers | coronary heart disease |
excessive number of red corpuscles in the blood | polcythemia |
deficiency of RBCs | anemia |
substance that prevents the blood from clotting | anticoagulant |
destruction of RBCs | hemolysis |
stoppage of blood flow from a damaged blood vessel | hemostasis |
malignant overproduction of WBCs | leukemia |
liquid portion of blood | plasma |
clear yellow fluid that remains after the clotted blood has been centrifuged and separated | serum |
protein produced by exposure to antigen | antibody |
substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies | antigen |
procedure that matches patient and donor blood before a transfusion | compatibility (crossmatch) |
component of fresh plasma that contains clotting factors | cryoprecipitate |
plasma collected from a unit of blood and immediately frozen | fresh frozen plasma |
blood from which the plasma has been removed | packed cells |
405-409 mL of blood collected from a donor for a transfusion | unit of blood |
the study of the immune system | immunology |
another name for antibody | immunoglobulin |
the study of serum | serology |
glucose in the urine | glycosuria |
blood or hemoglobin in th urine | hematuria (hemoglobinuria) |
What is a normal hgb? | Men - 14.0-17.4 ,women - 12.0-16.0 |
What is a normal Hct %? | Men - 42-52, Women - 36-48 |
What is normal for Platelets? | 140-400 |
What is the pupose of a Sedimentation Rate aka Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)? | Non-specific test. Increase found in anemia from acute or chronic disease, Normal in iron-deficiency anemia alone |
superficial veins of the arm and hand; most common site | peripheral venous sites |
inserted in antecubital area until just before axilla used for those with limited peripheral veins or require extended IV therapy | midline catheter |
delivered into large vein such vena cava and inserted into the jugular or subclavian vein | central venous catheter |
Peripheral IV change | 72 hours |
surgically implanted threaded into r. side heart | Porta Catheter |
What is the cycle of firing starting at the SA node to....? | the AV node, down the bundle of His, which divides into right and left bundle branches , through the purkinje fibers (in the ventricles) |
What does the P wave represent? | atrial depolarization |
What happens to the atria when they deplarize? | they contract |
What does the QRS complex represent? | ventricular depolarization |
What happens to the ventricles during depolarization? | they contract |
What occurs to the atria during the QRS complex | they repolarize |
What is repolarization representative of? | relaxation |
What does the T wave represent? | ventricular repolarization |
When the ventricles repolarize what are they doing? | relaxing |
What is the U wave representative of? | hypokalemia |
What signs may present with sinus tach? | dyspnea or angina |
What is a PAC | premature atrial contraction |
what is an PAC in layman terms | early beat |
What causes a PAC? | the atria fire before the SA node fires |
What is atrial flutter? | when the atria contract rapidly |
What is the differentiation between atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation? | the rate in fibrillation is more rapid and more chaotic than flutter |
What causes atrial flutter? | rheumatic or ischemic heart disease, CHF, hypertension, pericarditis, PE and post op CABG |
What is the treatment for atrial flutter? | cardioversion |
What meds control atrial flutter? | calcium channel blockers and beta blockers, digoxin, quinidine, propranolol, procainamide |
What causes atrial fibrillation? | aging, rheumatic or ischemic heart disease, heart failure, HTN, pericarditis, PE and post op CABG |
What is the treatment for atrial fibrillation if patient is unstable? | cardioversion |
function of the heart | a 4 chamber double pump |
function of the atria (right and left) | pump blood into the ventricles |
function of arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
function of the veins | carry blood toward the heart |
function right ventricles | right pumps to pulmonary circulation |
function left ventricle | pumps blood to systemic circulation |
What are the AV valves? | AV valves, tricuspid and mitral |
what are the semilunar valves | pulmonic and aortic |
Systole takes place when the _________contract | ventricles |
Diastole is the time between ____________ when ventricles are ___________ and are being filled with blood. | contractions, relaxed |
As ventricles begin to contract, the pressure in the ventricles_______which cause the ____valves to close and produce__________. | rises, AV(mitral and tricuspid), S1-LUB |
As pressure continues to rise it forces the ________________ and __________valves to open and the blood is ejected into either the pulmonary artery or aorta | pulmonic and aortic valves |
which sound is made during artial closure | S4 |
which sound is made during aortic valve closure | S2 |
which sound is made during ventricular filling from LA>LV | S3 |
which sound is made during mitral valve closing | S1 |
What is turbulent flow within the heart | a murmur |
What is turbulent flow outside heart in arteries called | bruit |
Where is the heart located? | mediastinum |
What encloses the heart? | 3 pericardial membranes |
What prevents friction between the three layers of the pericardial sac? | serous fluid |
What are the upper chambers of the heart called? | atria |
what are the lower chambers of the heart called? | ventricles |
Which has thicker walls the atria or the ventricles | ventricles |
Which of the ventricles has thicker wall right or left ; why | left because it is pumping the blood back into the body |
what are the valves called that separate the atria and ventricles? | right-tricuspid and left is mitral valve |
What is the pacemaker of the heart? | SA node |
What causes the cardiac sounds S1 and S2 (or lub-dupp) | The closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole for S1 and the S2 is created by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves |
the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute | cardiac output |
a measure of ventricular efficiency | ejection fraction |
Epinephrine is secreted by the...? | adrenal medulla |
What is epinephrines function in the cardiac system? | increases the HR and force of contraction and dilates the coronary vessels |
What does Aldosterone do in relation to the cardiac system? | it helps regulate blood levels of sodium and potassium |
What does ANP do? | increases excretion of sodium by the kidneys |
What causes ANP secretion? | high blood pressure or greater blood volume that streches the walls of the atria |
Where are valves most numerous in the circulatory syste? | in the legs to carry blood back to the heart without backflow |
If blood flow through the kidneys what happens to preserve blood volume? | the low BP stimulates the kidneys to secrete renin which will initiate renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism. |
What are the two pathways of circulation | pulmonary and systemic |
Where does pumonary circulation begin? | right ventricle |
Where does systemic circulation begin? | left ventricle |
What is atherosclerosis? | deposits of lipids on and in the walls of the arteries |
What is arteriosclerosis? | gradual deterioration of walls of arteries |
What is another name for orthostatic hypotension? | postural hypotension |
What does a pulse quality of 2+ mean? | normal pulse quality |
one that disappears when slight pressure is applied and returns when pressure is removed | thready pulse |
a vibration in the vessel felt on palpation | thrill |
humming heard on on auscultation of a vessel as a result of turbulent blood flow | bruit |
What does pink frothy sputum indicate? | acute heart failure |
nailbeds swell due to oxygen deprivation | clubbing |
reddish brown discoloration found in LE | rubor |
What does rubor indicate? | decreased arterial blood flow |
How do the LE present on venous insufficiency? | brown , cyanotic |
What is JVD? | jugular vein distention |
What is the most common cause of JVD? | right sided heart failure |
What does a cap refill of >3 sec indicate? | anemial or decrease in blood flow to the extremity |
What causes a pericardial friction rub? | inflammation of the pericardium |
What position would you have a patient be in to best hear the friction rub? | sitting and leaning forward |
Where would you best hear a friction rub? | left of the sternum |
protein found only in cardiac cells | troponin |
What does an elevated troponin indicate? | myocardial damage |
how soon after damage does the troponin increase? | 4-6 hours |
When do troponin levels peak? | 10-24 hours after damage |
How long after damage do the troponin levels remain high? | 7 days |
What cardiac enzymes are released after myocardial damage? | CK,CPK,LDH |
Why are CK, CPK less indicative of myocardial damage? | because these are enzymes that are found in other tissues as well as cardiac so elevations may be result of other than cardiac damage |
What information can a lipid profile provide? | screen for increased risk for coronary artery disease |
High levels of what is linked to an increase in CAD? | LDL |
deficient number of red blood cells or deficient hemoglobin | anemia |
substances produced by the body that destroy or inactivate a specific substance (antigen) that has entered the body | antibodies |
substances that, when introduced into the body, cause formation of antibodies against them | antigens |
white blood cell that stains readily with basic dyes | basophil |
the compound formed by the union of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin | carbaminohemoglobin |
obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign matter carried in the bloodstream | embolism |
a blood clot or other substance (bubble of air) that is moving in the blood and may block a blood vessel | embolus |
white blood cell that is readily stained by eosin | eosinophil |
a disease that may develop when an Rh-negative mother has anti-Rh antibodies and gives birth to an Rh-positive baby and the antibodies react with the Rh-positive cells of the baby | erythroblastosis fetalis |
red blood cells | erythrocytes |
insoluble protein in clotted blood | fibrin |
soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during clotting | fibrinogen |
volume percent of blood cells in whole blood | hematocrit |
iron-containing protein in red blood cells | hemoglobin |
substance obtained from the liver; inhibits blood clotting | heparin |
blood cancer characterized by an increase in white blood cells | leukemia |
white blood cells | leukocyte |
abnormally high white blood cell numbers in the blood | leukocytosis |
abnormally low white blood cell numbers in the blood | leukopenia |
one type of white blood cell | lymphocytes |
a phagocyte | monocyte |
white blood cell that stains readily with neutral dyes | neutrophil |
deficiency of red blood cells because of a lack of vitamin B12 | pernicious anemia |
white blood cells that engulf microbes and digest them | phagocytes |
an excessive number of red blood cells | polycythemia |
a protein present in normal blood that is required for blood clotting | prothrombin |
a protein formed by clotting factors from damaged tissue cells and platelets; it converts prothrombin into thrombin, a step essential to forming a blood clot | prothrombin activator |
blood plasma minus its clotting factors, still contains antibodies | serum |
protein important in blood clotting | thrombin |
also called platelets; play a role in blood clotting | thrombocytes |
protein important in blood clotting | thrombin |
also called platelets; play a role in blood clotting | thrombocytes |
formation of a clot in a blood vessel | thrombosis |
stationary blood clot | thrombus |