Scientist | achievement | background | Country |
André-Marie Ampère | electromagnetism | a French physicist (January 20, 1775 – June 10, 1836 The ampere unit of measurement of electric current is named after him. | France |
Neil Armstrong | first human ever to step foot on the Moon | born August 5, 1930) is a former American astronaut the Apollo 11 moon landing in July 1969 | USA |
John Audubon | described the birds of North America. | (April 26, 1785 – January 27, 1851) was a Franco-American ornithologist | USA (french) |
Florence Bascom | first woman scientist to be hired at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) | 1862-1945 a pioneer of the use of microscopes in the study of minerals and rocks. | USA |
Alexander Graham Bell | considered to be the inventor of the telephone, | (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-American | USA (scottish) |
Niels Bohr | understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics. | (October 7, 1885 – November 18, 1962) was a Danish physicist | Denmark (Danish) |
Elizabeth Blackwell | the first woman to practice medicine in the United States | (February 3, 1821 – May 31, 1910 She was born in Bristol , England She became active in the anti-slavery movement | USA (british) |
Robert Bunsen | emission spectroscopy of heated elements elements cesium and rubidium | (31 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He perfected the burner that was named after him, invented by British chemist/physicist Michael Faraday | Germany |
Jocelyn Bell Burnell | discovered the first radio pulsars | , 15 July 1943), British astrophysicist | Great Britain |
J. Michael Bishop | he discovered the first human oncogene, v-Src. | born February 22, 1936) is an American immunologist | USA |
Sir Frank MacFarlane Burnet | discovery of acquired immunological tolerance | born September 3, 1899 was an Australian biologist. | Australia |
Rachel Louise Carson | wrote Silent Spring, launched the environmental movement. | (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) was a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-born zoologist and biologist | USA |
George Washington Carver | hundreds of uses for the peanut and other plants | Spring of 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an African American botanist | USA |
Henry Cavendish | discovered hydrogen | (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810) was a British scientist. Cavendish is also credited with calculations of the density of the earth | Great Britain |
Francis Crick | co-discoverers of the structure of the DNA molecule | (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British He, James D. Watson, and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize | Great Britain |
Marie Curie | , pioneer in the early field of radiology and a two-time Nobel laureate | She was born in Warsaw, Poland at age 24 moved to France | Poland, then France |
John Dalton | the atomic theory | (September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844) was a British chemist | Great Britain |
Charles Darwin | evolution The Origin of Species | (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was a British naturalist Darwin's five-year voyage on the Beagle | Great Britain |
Sir Humphry Davy | electrolysis was able to separate elemental potassium and sodium in 1807 and calcium, strontium, barium, and magnesium in 1808 | (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829 He was born in Penzance, Cornwall, United Kingdom. | Great Britain |
René Descartes | "Father of Modern Mathematics," coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra | , March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, was a noted French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist | France |
Thomas Alva Edison | the light bulb holding 1,093 U.S. patents | (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) The Wizard of Menlo Park | USA |
Albert Einstein | the general theory of relativity E=mc2 | (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist | USA (German) |
Michael Faraday | contributed significantly to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry | (September 22, 1791 – August 25, 1867) was a British scientist | Great Britain |
Rosalind Franklin | the discovery of the structure of DNA | (25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958) was a British physical chemist and crystallographer | Great Britain |
Benjamin Franklin | the lightning rod, famous electricity experiments and bifocals | (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most prominent of the Founders and early political figures and statesmen of the United States. | USA |
Richard Feynman | development of the atomic bomb | (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) influential American physicists | USA |
Robert Fulton | the first steam-powered ship. | (November 14, 1765 – February 24, 1815) was a US engineer and inventor | USA |
Galileo Galilei | the telescope, referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science". | (Pisa, February 15, 1564 – Arcetri, January 8, 1642), was an Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher | Italy |
Robert Goddard | liquid-fueled rockets | (October 5, 1882 – August 10, 1945) "fathers of modern rocketry" | USA |
Stephen Jay Gould | paleontologist | (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American | USA |
William Harvey | circulatory system the properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart. | (April 1, 1578–1657) was a medical doctor | Great Britain |
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin | the technique of X-ray crystallography, structure of penicillin, insulin, and vitamin B12 | (May 12, 1910 – July 29, 1994) was a British founder of protein crystallography. | Great Britain |
Grace Murray Hopper | the first compiler for a computer programming language. | (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an Amercian computer scientist and naval officer | USA |
Edwin Powell Hubble | discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way | (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer, | USA |
Mae Carol Jemison | the first African-American woman to travel to space | doctor born October 17, 1956 the Space Shuttle Endeavour | USA |
Edward Jenner | the smallpox vaccine | (May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823) was an English country doctor | Great Britain |
Johannes Kepler | his laws of planetary motion
ecliptical orbits | Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630 a German mathematician, astrologer | Germany |
Robert Koch | the anthrax bacillus (1877), the tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and the cholera bacillus (1883)
bacteriology | (December 11, 1843 – May 27, 1910) was a German physician. | Germany |
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier | the Law of Conservation of Matter
oxygen | (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman. he was beheaded at the height of the French Revolution | France |
Anton[1] van Leeuwenhoek | the improvement of the microscope
microbiology | (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723 was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands | Netherlands |
Carolus Linnaeus | taxonomy
system of scientific classification | (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), a Swedish botanist and physician
fathers of modern ecology | Sweden |
Maria Göppert-Mayer | a model for the nuclear shell structure | (June 28, 1906 - February 20, 1972) was born Maria Göppert in Katowice (then in Germany, now part of Poland) In 1930 moved to the United States | USA (Germany) |
James Clerk Maxwell | laws of electricity and magnetism
kinetic theory of gases. | (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish | Scotland UK |
Barbara McClintock | development of maize cytogenetics | (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was a pioneering American scientist | USA |
Peter Brian Medawar | how the immune system rejects or accepts organ transplants | 1915-1987 was a Brazilian-born English scientist | Great Britain (brazil) |
Gregor Johann Mendel | father of genetics the inheritance of traits | 1822-1884 was an Austrian monk | Austria |
Dmitri Mendeleev | the periodic table of elements | 1834-1907 was a Russian chemist | Russia |
Peter D. Mitchell | ATP synthesis | (September 29, 1920- April 10, 1992)[1] was a British biochemist | Great Britain |
Joseph-Michel Montgolfier | hot air balloon. | 1740-1810 France | France |
Isaac Newton | gravity the three laws of motion | 1643-1727 was an English physicist | Great Britain |
J. Robert Oppenheimer | the father of the atomic bomb director of the Manhattan Project | (April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist of German-Jewish origin | USA (German-Jew) |
Louis Pasteur | first vaccine against rabies | (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. | France |
Linus Carl Pauling | founders of molecular biology | (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American quantum chemist and biochemist, | USA |
Samuel Morse | electrical telegraph in 1837 | (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor | USA |
Joseph Priestley | the co-discovery of oxygen | (13 March 1733 – 8 February 1804) was an English chemist | Great Britain |
Sally Kristen Ride | the first American woman to reach outer space | b. May 26, 1951) is a former astronaut | USA |
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen | x-rays | (March 27, 1845 – February 10, 1923) was a German physicist, | Germany |
Jonas Edward Salk | first polio vaccine | (October 28, 1914 – June 23, 1995) was an American physician | USA |
Erwin Schrödinger | quantum mechanics Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. | (August 12, 1887 – January 4, 1961), an Austrian physicist, | Austria |
Edward Teller | the father of the hydrogen bomb the Manhattan Project | (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-born American nuclear physicist | USA (Hungary) |
James Watson | structure of the DNA | Born in Chicago | USA |
James Watt | improvements to the steam engine Industrial Revolution. | (19 January 1736 – 19 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor and engineer | Scotland UK |
Eli Whitney | cotton gin in 1793 interchangeable parts | (December 8, 1765 - January 8, 1825)Born on December 8,1765 in Westborough, Massachusetts | USA |
Orville Wright Wilbur Wright | practical aeroplane to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903 | (August 19, 1871 - January 30, 1948) and Wilbur Wright (April 16, 1867 - May 30, 1912), Wilbur Wright was born in Millville, Indiana in 1867, Orville Wright was born in Dayton, Ohio in 1871. | USA |
Chien-Shiung Wu | hemoglobins that cause sickle-cell disease. expertise in radioactivity the Manhattan Project | (May 31, 1912–February 16, 1997) was a female Chinese American physicist | USA (China) |