Question | Answer |
Memory | the capacity to encode, retain, store and retrieve information |
Flashbulb Memory | memory related to an emotionally arousing event |
Encoding | changing sensory input into a mental representation in the memory system |
Explicit Memory | requires a conscious attempt to recall memory |
Storage | the retention of encoded information in memory over time |
Sensory Memory | a modality-specific form of memory, involved in temporary preservation of sensory stimuli, serving as a buffer between the senses and short-term memory |
Short-term Memory | memory process which preserves recent information over relatively brief intervals, of limited capacity and information is stored for only a short length of time without rehearsal |
Spacing Effect | phenomenon in which we learn better when our rehearsal is distributed over time |
Serial Position Effect | states you are moke likely to remember the beginning and end information more than the middle |
Semantic Encoding | general memories that involve general knowledge of the world, including facts. processing of meaning, particularly the meaning of words |
Retrieval | the process and recovery of a stored item from memory |
Rehearsal | refers to the cognitive process involving the repetition of an item in order to maintain it in short-term memory |
Recall | in memory, the active retrieval of information |
Recognition | in memory, the process of identifying presented information as familiar and having been experienced before |
Relearning | Another means of remembering is through relearning. Relearned information may return quickly, even if it hasn't been used for many years. For example:Relearning a language not spoken since schooldays. Riding a bike after not using one since childhood |
Retroactive Interference | occurs when information works backwards to interfere with earlier information - just as a retroactive pay raise given in July might work backwards to influence pay days from January to June. |
Proactive Interference | occurs when current information is lost because it is mixed up with previously learned, similar information |
Long-term memory | enduring memories that retain and preserve information for later retrieval over long periods. |
Working Memory | a flexible memory system used for reasoning and language comprehension, that is comprised of the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and central executive |
Automatic Processing | : what psychologists call processing of information that guides behaviour, but without conscious awareness, and without interfering with other conscious activity that may be going on at the same time |
Effortfull Processing | individuals use effort and attention as they encode information. This is generally done through strategy use |
Visual Encoding | processing of images |
Acoustic Encoding | processing of sounds |
Mnemonics | techniques that improve memory, often through using existing familiar information (e.g. imagery) during the encoding of new information to aid later retrieval and access. See method of loci |
Chunking | combining individual letters or numbers into larger meaningful units |
Iconic Memory | a fleeting photographic memory, we can register an exact representation of a scene and we can recall any part of it in amazing detail; only fo a very short time |
Echoic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attenetion is elsewhere, sounds or words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
Amnesia | a significant loss of memory as a result of brain damage or psychological trauma |
Implicit Memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
Explicit Memory | memory of the facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
Priming | a phenomenon whereby previous exposure to a word or situation, improves implicit memory and increases the activation of associated thoughts or memories |
Mood Congruent Memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent to one's current good or bad mood |
Misinformation Effect | incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event |