Question | Answer |
indirect disease transmission would be catching a virus through | contaminated water or insects |
immunization is effective against disease because it | renders the population non-susceptible |
isolation of infected individuals is often ineffective because | infected individuals are often unrecognized |
regulation and inspection of food preparation is an example of | control of indirect transmission |
Effectively controlling a disease primarily requires a knowledge of | disease's cause & method of transmission |
congenital syphilis may cause | fetal death |
Gonorrhea mainly affects | mucous membranes |
herpes cannot be diagnosed through | biopsy |
most common sexually transmitted disease | Chlamydia |
AIDS attacks the immune system through | destroying T lymphocyte |
AIDS victims are susceptible to widespread infection from organisms that | pose no threat to healthy person |
homosexual females are not at an elevated risk for | contracting AIDS |
Blood donation by individuals considered to be at an elevated risk for AIDS is banned because | infected blood can be impossible to detect |
disease transmitted from person to person | communicable disease |
communicable disease in which small numbers of cases are continually present in a population | endemic disease |
communicable disease affecting concurrently large numbers of persons in a population | epidemic disease |
direct physical contact or by means of droplet spread | method: communicable disease transmission |
primary methods used to control diseases when effective methods of immunization are not available | identification, isolation, & treatment |
virus attacks/destroys T lymphocytes, compromising cell-mediated immunity & leading to infections & some tumors | AIDS |
spiral organism causing syphilis | treponema pallidum |
clinical manifestation of chancre | primary syphilis |
clinical manifestation of systemic infection w/skin rash & enlarged lymph nodes | secondary syphilis |
clinical manifestation of late destructive lesions in internal organs, such as brain/heart | tertiary syphilis |
clinical manifestation of urethritis, cervicitis, pharyngitis, proctitis | gonorrhea |
clinical manifestation of superficial vesicles/ulcers on external genetalia & genital tract infection; regional lymph nodes often enlarged/tender | herpes |
clinical manifestation of cervicitis & urethritis | chlamydia |
Tests used to diagnose syphilis | demonstration of treponemes in chancre & serological tests |
Tests used to diagnose gonorrhea | culture of organisms from site of infections & non-culture tests |
Tests used to diagnose herpes | demonstration of intranuclear inclusions in infected cells, virus cultures & serological tests in some cases |
Tests used to diagnose chlamydia | detection of antigens in cervical/urethral secretions, florescence microscopy, cultures & non culture tests |
major complications of syphilis include | damage to cardiovascular system; nervous system in tertiary syphilis may be fatal |
major complications of gonorrhea include | disseminated bloodstream infection, tubal infection w/impaired fertility, & spread of infection to prostate & epididymides |
major complications of herpes include | spread from infected mother to infant |
major complications of chlamydia include | tubal infection w/impaired fertility & epididymitis |
chlamydia, syphilis & gonorrhea can be treated with | antibiotics |
herpes can be treated with | antiviral drug shortens infection, not curative |
virus that caused most cases of AIDS in the world | HIV1 |
infections are more prevalent in West Africa | HIV2 |
first cases of AIDs identified in | 1981 |
HIV was identified in | 1983 |
blood test to detect HIV became available in | 1985 |
RNA virus belonging to class called retroviruses | HIV |
in HIV the viral RNA & important enzyme (reverse transcriptase) are enclosed in a capsid in | core of virus |
cuts & assembles virus protein into small segments that surround viral RNA, forming infectious virus particles that bud from infected HIV cells | HIV protease |
HIV invades CD4+ cells & becomes part of cell DNA which means that | the individual is infected for life |
HIV virus proliferates in infected cells & sheds virus particles, which means | virus present in blood & bodily fluids |
body forms HIV-antibody, which means | antibody is marker of infection but is not protective |
HIV's progressive destruction of helper T cells means | compromised cell-mediated immunity |
with HIV when immune defenses collapse it means | more susceptible to opportunistic infections & neoplasms |
amount of viral RNA in blood of an HIV infected person reflects | extent of viral replication in lymphoid tissue throughout body |
blood plasma of a person with an acute HIV infection would have | over a million virus particles per million |
blood plasma of a person being treated with agents effective against HIV virus would have | extremely low levels of virus |
estimates extent of damage to HIV infected immune system | determination of # of T lymphocytes in the blood |
infection in immunocompromised person caused by organism normally nonpathogenic/limited pathogenicity | opportunistic infection |
drug used to treat HIV infections by binding to reverse transcriptase, blocking DNA polymerase | nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
converts DNA to RNA | DNA polymerase |
look alike compounds | analogs |
nucleoside analogs that resemble normal nucleosides that virus uses to construct DNA | nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors synthesis is disrupted when | analog substitutes for the required nucleoside |
HIV drug that blocks enzyme that cuts viral protein into segments & assembles them around viral RNA to form infectious virus particle | protease inhibitors |
protease inhibitors cause the virus particle to be | improperly constructed & is not infectious |