Question | Answer |
eyes & ears | part of the nervous system |
eye consists | inner eye (eyeball) & outer eye (facial structure & eye muscles surrounding the eye) |
inner eye (eyeball)consists | outer, middle, & inner layers |
outer layers consists | cornea & sclera |
cornea | transparent anterior portion, allows light into the eye & participates in the focusing of light onto the back of the eye |
sclera | white of the eye (tough protective covering for most of the eyeball) |
middle layer consists | uvea |
uvea (YOU-vee-ah) consists | choroid, ciliary body, & iris |
choroid (KOH-roid) | inner lining of the sclera & contains blood vessels to nourish the eye |
ciliary body (SIL-ee-ahr-e) | lies at the anterior edges of choroid body & consists of ciliary muscles & ciliary process |
ciliary muscles | adjust the shape of the lens for focusing |
ciliary process | produces a watery substance (aqueous humor -- bathes the anterior region of the eye) |
iris | circular, colored portion of the eye |
pupil (central opening in the iris) | regulates the amt of light that enters the eye |
inner layer consists | retina |
retina contain | cones & rods (which are the cells that transform light into nerve impulses) |
cones | responsible for central & bright light vision |
rods | responsible for peripheral & low-light vision |
optic disc/blind spots | has no rods or cones & doesn't produce a visual images |
lens | is not considered to be part of one of the layers of the eye |
suspensory ligaments | where lens is located (posterior to the iris) & is held in place by ligaments |
refraction | when light passes thru the lens, it bent...bending is called |
lens accommodation | lens-shape changing |
cataracts | common age-related eye condition |
lens have two cavities | anterior & posterior cavities |
anterior cavity | contains aqueous humor (produced by ciliary processes) |
posterior cavity | contains vitreous humor (clear, jelly-like material) |
vitreous humor | maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball, holds retina firmly against the choroid and transmits light |
glaucoma | inability to drain aqueous humor causes increased intraocular pressure |
outer eye consists | orbital cavity, extrinsic ocular muscles, eyelids, conjunctival membrane, & lacrimal apparatus |
orbital cavity | bony depression into which eyeball fits, providing protection |
extrinsic ocular muscles | have 6 attached to the sclera of each eye (which move eye in any direction) |
rectus | straight |
oblique | slanted |
six extrinsic ocular are | superior, inferior, medial, & lateral retus; superior, & inferior oblique |
eyelids | shield eye from the light, dust, & trauma |
conjunctival membrane | thin mucous membrane lining the eyelids & anterior part of the eye exposed to the air, providing protection & lubrication |
lacrimal apparatus | produces, delivers, & drains tears from the eyes (cleaning & lubricating) |
lacrimal glands | produce tears |
lacrimal ducts | continuously delivered tears |
punctae | drain tears from eyes into a system of canals in the nose |
lysozyme | fight infectious microorganisms w/ antibacterial enzyme |
ambly/o | dull; dim |
coagulati/o | to condense; to clot |
dipl/o | double |
emmertr/o | in proper measure |
is/o | equal |
-conus | cone-shaped |
-edema | accumulation of fluid |
-metrist | specialist in the measurement of |
-ory | pertaining to |
-schisis | splitting; cleft |
myoin- | to shut |
presby- | old age |
pseudo- | false |
aque/o | water |
-ous | pertaining to |
aqueous humor | pertaining to a watery fluid found in the anterior cavity |
blephar/o | eyelid (most commonly used to indicate pathologic condition) |
-pexy | surgical fixation |
blepharopexy | surgical fixation of the eyelid |
-plasty | surgical reconstruction |
blepharoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the eyelid |
sym- | together; with |
symblepharon | adhesion of the eyeball to the eyelid |
chori/o | choroid |
-itis | inflammation |
retin/o | retina |
chorioretinitis | inflammation of the choroid & retina |
choroido | choroid; membrane |
conjunctiv/o | conjunctiva |
conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva |
core/o | pupil |
-ia | condition |
an- | no; not |
is/o | equal |
anisocoria | inequality in the size of the pupil |
-meter | instrument used to measure |
coreometer | instrument used to measure the pupil |
corne/o | cornea |
-eal | pertaining to |
corneal | pertaining to the cornea |
cycl/o | ciliary body |
-plegia | paralysis |
cycloplegia | pertaining to paralysis of the ciliary body |
dacry/o | tear; lacrimal duct |
-stenosis | narrowing |
dacryostenosis | narrowing of the lacrimal duct |
goni/o | angle (of the anterior chamber) |
-scopy | process of visual examination |
gonioscopy | process of visually examining the angle of the anterior chamber with the aid of gonioscope (tool for glaucoma) |
irid/o; ir/o | iris |
iridocyclitis | inflammation of the iris & ciliary body |
iritis | inflammation of the iris |
-ectomy | excision; surgical removal |
iridectomy | excision of the iris |
kerat/o | cornea |
keratoconjunctivitis | inflammation of the cornea & conjunctiva |
keratoconus | abnormal; cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea (disease causing blurred vision) |
-osis | abnormal condition |
myc/o | fungus |
keratomycosis | fungal infection of the cornea |
keratoplasty | surgical repair of the cornea; cornea transplant |
lacrim/o | tears |
-al | pertaining to |
nas/o | nose |
nasolacrimal | pertaining to the nose & lacrimal apparatus |
mi/o | contraction; less |
-tic | pertaining to |
miosis | abnormal contraction of the pupil |
miotic | a drug used to constrict the pupil |
mydri/o | wide; dilation; dilation; dilatation |
-iasis | condition; process |
mydriasis | dilation of the pupil |
mydriatic | pertaining to a drug used to dilate the pupil |
ocul/o | eye |
extra- | outside |
extraocular | pertaining to the outside of the eye |
intra- | within |
intraocular | pertaining to within the eye |
ophthalm/o | eye |
ex- | outward |
-logist | specialist |
exophthalmia | outward protrusion o fthe eyeball |
ophthalmologist | specialist in the study of the diagnosis & medical & surgical treatment of eye disorders |
ophthalmology | study of the eye including diseases & treatment |
ophthalmoscopy | process of visual examination of the eye (funduscopy or fundoscopy) |
opt/o | vision; sight |
optic | pertaining to vision or sight |
-ician | specialist; one who specializes; expert |
optician | expert who fills prescription for eyeglasses & contact lenses |
-metrist | specialist in the measurement of |
optometrist | specialist in the testing of visual function & in the diagnosis & nonsurgical treatment of eye condtion (don't have degree in medicine) |
palpebr/o | eyelid |
palpebral | pertaining to the eyelid |
papill/o | optic disc |
-edema | accumulation of fluid |
papilledema | accumulation of fluid in the optic disc |
phac/o; phak/o | lens |
a- | no; not; lack of |
aphakia | absence of lens |
phacomalacia | softening of the lens |
pseudo | false |
pseudophakia | condition characterized by replacement of the lens w/connective tissue |
phot/o | light |
-ion | process |
coagulati/o | to condense; to clot |
cyclophotocoagulation | destruction of a portion of the ciliary body using a laser |
photocoagulation | beam from a laser is aimed at the site of injury to condense the retinal tissue, thus repairing any retinal tears or detachment |
-phobia | fear |
photophobia | intolerance or sensativity to light |
pupill/o | pupil |
-ary | pertaining to |
pupillary | pertaining to the pupil |
retin/o | retina |
retinal detachment | separation of the retina from underlying tissue |
-pathy | disease |
retinopathy | any disease of the retina |
retinopexy | surgical fixation of the retina |
-schisis | splitting; cleft |
retinoschisis | splitting of the retina |
scler/o | sclera |
sclerectomy | excision of the sclera |
ton/o | tension |
tonometry | measurement of intraocular pressure (another test for glaucoma) |
trabecul/o | meshwork; lattice |
trabeculoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the trabecular meshwork of the canal Schlemn (used for treatment of glaucoma) |
uve/o | uvea (includes choroid, ciliary body, & iris) |
uveitis | inflammation of the uvea |
vitre/o | glasslike; gel-like |
vitrectomy | removal of soe or all of the vitreous humor & its replacement with clear fluid |
humor | body fluid |
vitreous humor | a gel-like, glassy substance in the posterior cavity |
-chalasis | relaxation |
blepharochalasis | relaxation of the eyelid |
-opia; -opsia | visual condition; vision |
ambly/o | dull; dim |
amblyopia | dimness of vision |
dipl/o | double |
diplopia | double vision |
an- | no; not; lack of |
hemianopsia; hemianopia | lack of vision in half the visual field |
presby | old age |
presbyopia | impaired vision due to advanced age |
hyperopia | light rays focus behind the retina; farsightedness |
myein- | to shut |
myopia | light ray are focused in front of the retina; nearsightedness |
-tropia | turning |
emmetr/o | in proper measure |
emmetropia | normal vision |
eso- | inward |
esotropia | turning inward of the eyeball |
exo- | outward |
exotropia | turning outward of the eyeball |
hypertropia | upward turning of the eyeball |
hypotropia | downward turning of the eyeball |
-tropion | turning |
ec- | out |
ectropion | outward turning of the eyelid |
en- | inward |
entropion | inward turning of the eyelid |
accom | accommodation |
OD (oculus dextra) | right eye |
OS (oculus sinistra) | left eye |
OU (oculus unitas) | both eyes |
PERLA | pupils equal; react to light & accommodation |
PERRLA | pupils equal, round, regular, react to light & accommodation |
EOM | extraocular movement |
IOL | intraocular lens |
IOP | intraocular pressure |
VA | visual acuity |
VF | visual field |
ear consists | external, middle, & inner ear |
ear responsible | for hearing & plays prominent role in maintaining balance |
hearing process consists | of detection & transduction |
detection involves | receiving the sound stimulus |
transduction involves | converting the detected sound into a nerve impulse (then sent on temporal lobe of brain for processing) |
external ear composed | auricle, external auditory meatus, & eardrum (tympanic membrane) |
middle ear consists | 3 ossicles; malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), & stapes (stirrup) |
eustachian tube | air pressure on ea side of the eardrum (which connects middle ear to the throat) |
inner ear (labyrinth) consists | bony & membranous labyrinth |
bony labyrinth | vestibule, semicircular canals, & cochlea |
membranous labyrinth | utricle, saccule, semicircular ducts, & cochlear ducts |
bony labyrinth filled w/fluids | perilymph |
membranous labyrinth filled w/ fluids | endolymph |
2 types of deafness | conductive & sensorineural |
conductive deafness (can be treated by removing obstruction) | caused by obstruction of the path traveled by sound waves from the external ear to inner ear |
types of obstruction | buildup of earwax or foreign body |
sensorineural deafness | results from damage to the auditory nerve or cochlea |
audi/o | hearing |
-gram | record |
audiogram | record of patient's hearing ability |
-metry | process of measuring |
audiometry | measurement of a patient's hearing ability |
audit/o | hearing |
-ory | pertaining to |
auditory | pertaining to hearing |
aur/o | ear |
aural | pertaining to the ear |
cochle/o | cochlea |
-ear | pertaining to |
cochlear | pertaining to the cochlea |
-graphy | process of recording |
electrocochleography | process of recording the electrical activity of the cochlea |
labyrinth/o | inner ear; labyrinth |
labyrinthitis | inflammation of the inner ear (often accompanied by vertigo (dizziness) & loss of balance) |
myring/o | tympanic membrane; eardrum |
myringotomy | process of cutting into eardrum to remove fluid from the middle ear |
ossicul/o | ossicles (malleus, incus, & stapes) |
ossiculoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the ossicles |
ot/o | ear |
otalgia | earache |
otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear |
media | middle |
serous otitis media | inflammation results a buildup of watery fluid |
purulent otitis media | inflammation of a buildup of pus |
otorrhea | discharge from the ear |
-rrhea | discharge; flow |
-sclerosis | hardening |
otosclerosis | hardening of the ear |
otoscope | instrument used to visually examine the ear |
salping/o | eustachian tube |
salpingoscope | instrument used to visually examine the eustachian tube |
staped/o | stapes |
stapedectomy | removal of the stapes |
tympan/o | tympanic membrane; eardrum |
tympanoplastry | surgical reconstruction of the eardrum; myringoplasty |
-cusis | hearing |
presbycusis | diminished hearing due to old age |