Question | Answer |
blood | connective tissue composed of plasma & formed elements, or blood cells, suspended in blood plasma |
plasma | clear, straw-colored flui; consisting primarily of water, but also contains proteins, sugar, salts, hormoned & vitamins |
plasma consists of 55% of | the blood's total volume |
plasma also picks up | certain wastes & gases at certain times |
albumin | protein found in blood |
antibody | protein made by WBC in response to antigens in blood |
anticoagulant | substance that prevents blood clotting |
antigen | foreign agent that stimulates the production of an antibody |
Coombs test | antiglobulin test |
billirubin | orange-yellow pigment found in bile |
coagulation | process of blood clotting |
colony-stimulating factor | protein that stimulates growth & proliferation of WBC (granulocytes) |
cytology | study of cells |
differentiation | specialization of cells from immature to mature forms |
erythroblast | immature, developing RBC |
erythropoiesis | formation of RBC |
erythropoietin | hormone produced by kidney to stimulate bone marrow to produce erythrocytes |
fibrin | protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot |
fibrinogen | plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in clotting process |
globulins | major blood proteins; immunoglobulins, alpha, beta, & gamma globulins are examples |
granulocyte | WBC with numerous dark-staining granules |
hematopoiesis | formation of blood cells |
hemoglobin | blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in RBC |
hemolysis | destruction/breakdown of blood; specifically RBC |
hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding/circulation of blood |
heparin | anticoagulant found in blood & tissues |
immune system | response of immune system to foreign invasion |
immunoglobin | antibody-containing protein in the blood;IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE |
leukocyte | white blood cell |
lymphocyte | white blood cell with a single nucleus (mononuclear); capable of producing anitbodies |
macrophage | large phagocytic cell migrating from blood into tissues |
megakaryocyte | large, giant cell with a big nucleus; platlet precursor found in bone marrow |
monoblast | immature monocyte |
monocyte | WBC (agranulocyte) with one large nucleus; enters tissues as macrophages |
mononuclear | pertaining to a WBC with a single, round nucleus; monocyte & lymphocyte |
myeloblast | immature granulocytic WBC; cell normally only found in bone marrow |
myelogenous | pertaining to cells produced in bone marrow |
myeloid | derived from bone marrow |
myelopoiesis | formation & development of bone marrow/cells tha originate from it |
neutrophil | WBC with dark granules that stain with a neutral dye |
phagocyte formed in bone marrow & body's first line of defense against disease | neutrophil |
pallative | relieving, but not curing illness |
phagocyte | cell that engulfs another cell/foreign organism & destroys it |
platlet | clotting cell/thrombocyte |
prothrombin | plasma protein converted to thrombin in clotting process |
polymophonuclear | pertaining to a multi-lobed nucleus (in granulocytic WBCs) |
reticulocyte | immature erythrocyte with network of strands |
Rh factor | antigen/protein on RBCs of Rh positive individuals |
serum | plasma minus clotting proteins, prothrombin & fibrinogen, and clotting cells |
stem cell | unspecialized cell that gives rise to all forms of specialized cells in body |
are found in the bone marrow and lead to the development of all types of blood cells | hematopoietic stem cells |
thrombin | enzyme necessary for blood clotting |
converts fibrinogen to fibrin in the clotting process | thrombin |
thrombocyte | platlet; clotting cell |
hemocytoblasts are another name for | hematopoietic stem cells |
hematopoietic stem cells are pluripotent cells, which means | they can develop into several different mature cell types, in response to hormonal influence |
stem cells undergo _____ to form specialized cell types | differentiation |
in the bone marrow the cells are differentiated into | proerythroblasts, megakaryoblasts & myeloblasts |
in the lymph tissue these cells are formed | lymphoblasts & monoblasts |
pliable disks that are concave on both sides; perform pH maintenance & carrying respiratory gases | erythrocytes |
term used to refer to a developing, not quite mature, RBC | reticulocyte |
hemobglobin is made up of heme, which is | the pigmented, iron-containing portion of the molecule |
hemobglobin is made up of globin, which is | a protein chain |
RBC have no nucleus, instead they are packed with hundreds of molecules of | hemoglobin |
when oxygen attaches to lossely to the iron, in hemoglobin, the oxygenated hemoglobin is now | oxyhemoglobin |
when oxygen detaches from the hemoglobin it | diffuses from the blood to the cells |
oxygen diffused from the blood is used during | cellular metabolism |
RBC live for | about 120 days |
macrophages break RBCs into | iron and protein |
protein portion of the hemoglobin, broken down by macrophages, converts to | amino acids used to make new proteins |
iron portion of the hemoglobin, broken down by macrophages, is either | stored in the livver or returned to bone marrow |
basophils sercrete | heparin & histamine |
histamine | chemical released in allergic inflammatoty reactions |
active in parasitic infections | basophils |
WBCs that contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain orange-red with acidic dye | eosinophils |
eosinophils | increase in numbers to protect from allergens & play important role in defending against parasitic infections |
first type of WBC to arrive at the scene of injury | neutrophils |
all granulocytes are formed in the | red bone marrow |
as granculocytes mature they develop multilobed nuclei making them | polymorphonuclear |
polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes | granulocytes, especially neutrophils, that have developed multilobed nuclei |
white blood cells and are usually spoken of in terms of two types: | T cells & B cells |
mononuclear leukocytes | lymphocytes and monocytes |
lymphocytes and monocytes are also | agranulocytes |
not only mononuclear leukocytes, but also the largest of the leukocytes | monocytes |
these cells help to mediate the body's immune system | lymphocytes |
plasma consists of | 90% water & 10% other substances |
gammaglobulins are called | immunoglobulins |
albumin helps to maintain the proper balance of water | between capillaries & tissues |
gamma globulins are also called | immunoglobulins |
immunoglobulins | protects body from antigens |
component of plasma protein that helps maintain water balance between capillaries & tissues | albumin |
some antigens exist normally within the body; some bind to the surface of | RBCs |
A antigens, on RBCs, are found on the | erythrocyte membrane |
the mixing of antigens & antibodies, if given the wrong blood type, will cause | clumping of the blood, which is potentially fatal |
O blood type is condsiered | the universal donor |
universal donor blood type is able to be andmistered because there would not be a | antigen-antibody reaction |
RhoGAM | drug, when administered during pregnancy and immediately after delivery, prevents the Rh- mother from forming anti-Rh antibodies |
with assistance of ________ prothrombin activator triggers conversion of prothrombin to thrombin | blood calcium |
fibrin, a mesh-like substance, traps red blood cells in its gel to form a | stable/fibrin clot |
thrombin reacts with fibrinigen to change a forming clor to a | fibrous gell, called fibrin |
first type of cell to form a clot at the injury site is | a platlet |
substance that initiates coagulation after initial clotting at an injury site | thromboplastin |
Clot formation in blood vessels is favored by two conditions: | slower than normal blood flow and rough spots along the lining of the blood vessel |
antigen found on the RBC surface | Rh factor |
dyscrasias | abnormal conditions of blood/bone marrow |