Question | Answer |
ACE inhibitor | drug that caused dialation of blood vessels & lowers blood pressure, prevents heart attacks, strokes & congestive heart failure |
ACE stands for | antiotensin-converting enzymenormally constricts blood vessels |
acute coronary syndromes | consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina & myocardial infarction |
anuerysm | local widening/ballooning out of a small area of an artery |
angina | chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia |
angiogram | x-ray record of a blood vessel |
angiography | x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material |
angioplasty | surgical repair of a blood vessel |
anoxia | lack of oxygen in body tissue |
aorta | largest artery in the body |
aortic stenosis | narrowing of the aorta |
arrhythmia | without rhythm; any deviation from the normal rhythmic pattern of the heartbeat |
arterial anastomosis | surgical connection between 2 arteries |
arteriography | xray recording of arteries; contrast is injected |
ateriosclerosis | hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque |
artery | largest type of blood vessel |
artherectomy | removal of plaque (lipds/clots) that accumulate in lining of an artery |
artheroma | mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery |
artherosclerosis | form are arteiosclerosis in fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery |
atrial | pertaining to an atrium |
atrial fibrillation | electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm |
atrioventricular block | failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle & ventricles of heart |
atrioventricular bundle | specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles & transmitting impulses between them; bundle of His |
atrioventricular node | a small mass of cardiac muscle tissue located in the right atrium near the ventricle |
atrium | plural for atria |
atrium | upper chambers of heart |
auscultation | use of a stethoscope to listen for sounds emanating from heart/other organs |
beta-blocker | drug used to treat high blood pressure & control heart rate |
brachial artery | artery that carries blood to the arm |
bradycardia | slow heartrate |
bruit | an abnormal blowing/swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery/organ |
bundle of His | atroiventricular bundle |
calcium channel blocker | drug used to treat chest pain & high blood pressure |
capillary | smallest blood vessel |
carbon dioxide | gas released by body cells; carried by veins to heart & then to lungs for exhalation; CO2 |
cardiac arrest | sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart; cardiac death |
cardiac catheterization | thin, flexible tube guided into heart via vein/artery after contract material introdcued, blood pressure measured & xrays taken to image patterns of blood flow |
cardiac MRI | images of heart produced with magnetic waves |
cardiac tamponade | pressure of heart caused by fluid in pericardial space |
cardiomegaly | enlargement of heart |
cardiomyopathy | disease of heart muscle |
cardioversion | treatment for serious arrhythmias using breif discharged of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defribillation |
claudication | pain, tension & weakness in leg after walking has begun; absence of pain at rest |
coarctation of the aorta | congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed/stenosed |
computerized tomography angiography | xray images are combined with CT to produce a 3D pic of the heart & blood vessels |
congenital heart disease | structural heart defects that appear at birth |
congestive heart failure | heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood |
coronary arteries | branches of aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to heart muscle |
coronary artery bypass grafting | arteries/veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries & bring needed blood supply to myocardium |
coronary artery disease | ateries that supply blood to heart muscle become clogged & blocked with deposits of fatty material & cholestrol |
cyanosis | abnormal condition; blueness of skin; caused by decreased oxygen & increased carbon dioxide in blood |
deep-vein thrombosis | blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg |
deoxygenated blood | blood that is oxygen-poor |
diastole | period during which heart relaxes between contractions |
digital subtraction angiography | video equipment, computer & xray machine produce images of blood vessels before & after injecting contrast material |
digoxin | drug that increases strength & regularity of heartbeat |
Doppler ulrtasound | method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow |
echocardiography | high-energy sound waves are transmitted into chest & images recorded of veins, chambers, surfaces & movement of heart |
electrocardiogram | record of electricity flowing through heart |
electrocardiography | process of recording electricity flowing through heart |
electron beam CT | electron beams & CT identify calcium deposits in & around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease |
embolus | plural for emboli |
ambolus | clot/other substance that travels to distant location & suddenly blocks a blood vessel |
endarterectomy | surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery |
endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium |
endocardium | inner lining of heart |
endothelium | innermost lining of blood vessels |
extracorporeal circulation | use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from heart & lungs during open heart surgery |
fibrillation | disturbance of the heart's rhythm in which there are rapid, disorganized, and ineffectual contractions of the atria or ventricles |
flutter | rapid, but regular, contractions of heart; usually of the atria |
heart transplantation | donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
hemorrhoids | swollen, twisted veins in rectal & anal area |
holter monitoring | compact version of an electrocariograph is worn during 24hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
hypercholesterolemia | high levels of cholestrol in blood |
hypertension | high blood pressure |
hypoxia | deficiency of oxygen in body tissues |
implantable cardioverter defibrillator | small electric device implanted inside chest (near collarbone) to sense arrhythmias & terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm |
infarction | area of dead tissue |
interventricular septum | wall between ventricles of heart |
ischemia | holding back blood to a region of body |
myocardial ischemia | deprivation of blood to the heart muscle |
left ventricular assist device (LVAD) | booster pump implanted in abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle |
LVAD is | a "bridge to transplant" or destination when heart transplantation is impossible |
lipid test | measurement of cholesterol & trycligerides in a sample of blood |
lipoprotein electrophoresis | lipoproteins are physically separated in a blood sample |
lioproteins | combinations of fat & protein |
HDL & LDL are examples of | lipoproteins |
HDL | high density lipoprotein |
LDL | low density lipoprotein |
mitral stenosis | narrowing of the mitral valve |
mitral valve | valve between left atrium & left ventricle |
bicuspid valve | mitral valve |
mitral valve prolapse | abnormal closure of mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into left atrium during ventricular contraction |
mitral valvulitis | inflammation of mitral valve |
murmur | extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of heart |
myocardial infarction | area of necrotic tissue in heart muscle; heart attack |
myocardium | muscular layer of heart |
myxoma | rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in heart muscle |
nitroglycerin | drug used in treatment of angina (pectoris) |
dialates coronary arteries so that more blood flow to heart muscle | nitroglycerin |
normal sinus rhythm | heart rhythm originating in sinoatrial node |
pacemaker of the heart | normal sinus rhythm |
occlusion | blockage/closure of a vessel/tube |
pacemaker | specialized nervous tissue in wall of right atrium |
begins the heartbeat | pacemaker |
sinoatrial node | pacemaker oh heart |
palpitations | uncomfortable sensations in chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats |
patent ductus arteriosus | small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth |
percutaneous coronary intervention | catheter with balloon & stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque |
drugeluting stents release chemicals to keep debris & plaque from recollecting during | precutaneous coronary intervention |
pericardial friction rub | scaping/grating heart sound heard on auscultation of heart |
symptomatic of pericarditis | pericardial friction rub |
pericardiocentesis | surgucal puncture to remove fluid within pericardial space surrounding heart |
pericarditis | inflammation of pericardium |
pericardium | double-layered membrane surrounding heart |
peripheral vascular disease | blockage of blood vessels outside heart |
cartois artery occlusion in an example of | peripheral vascular disease |
petechiae | small pinpoint hemorrhages under skin |
phlebotomy | incision into a vein |
PET Scan of heart | images show blood flow & myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substances |
pulmonary artery | blood vessel carrying oxygen-poor blood from right ventricle of heart to the lungs |
pulmonary circulation | flow of blood from heart to the lungs & then back to heart |
pulmonary valve | valve located between right ventricle & pulmonary arteru |
pulmonary vein | 1 of 2 pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart |
pulse | beat of heart as felt through the walls of the arteries |
radiofrequency catheter ablation | radiofrequency deleivered from tip of catheter inserted through blood vessel into heart |
treatment destroys the tissue causing certain arrhythmia via radiofrequency energy | radiofrequency catheter ablation |
Raynaud disease | recurrent episodes of pallor & cyanosis in fingers & toes caused by blood vessel spasms |
rheumatic heart disease | disease of heart caused by rheumatic fever |
septal defects | small holes present at birth in walls between heart chambers |
septum | wall/partition |
plural for septa | septum |
lies between atria of heart | interatrial sepctum |
lies between ventricles of heart | interventricular septum |
serum enzyme test | chemicals measured in blood as evidence of heart attack |
creatine kinase (CK) is an example of a | serum enzyme test |
troponin-l (cTnl) is an example of a | serum enzyme test |
troponon T (cTnT) is an example of a | serum enzyme test |
sinoatrial node | sensitive nervous tissue in wall of right atrium |
sphygmomanometer | instrument to measure blood pressure |
statins | drugs give to lower cholesterol on bloodstream |
stethoscope | instrument for listening to sounds in chest |
stress test | used to determine heart's response to physical exertion |
exercise tolerance test (EET) | stress test |
systemic circulation | flow of blood from body tissues to heart & from heart back to tissues |
systole | phase cardiac cycle when heart contracts |
tachycardia | rapid heartbeat |
technetium 99m sestamibi scan | uptake of technetium 99m sestamibi in myocardium reveals evidence of myocardial infarction |
technetium 99m sestamibi | radioactive chemical |
telemetry | continuous monitoring of patient's heart rhythm in a hospital |
tetralogy of Fallot | 4 separate defects of heart occuring at birth |
thallium 201 scan | concentraction of thallium 201 is measured in myocardium to show evidence of an infarction |
infarction as known as | "cold spots" |
thallium 201 | radioactive substance |
thrill | fine vibration felt on palpating body over a blood vessel that is blocked |
thrombolysis | destruction of a blood clot |
thrombolytic therapy | injection of streptokinase & tPA to dissolve clots in bloodstream |
thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein & formation of a clot within the vein |
thrombotic occlusion | blockage of blood vessel caused by thrombosis/clot formation |
tricuspid valve | valve located between right atrium & right ventricle |
valve | structure in a vein/heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in proper direction |
valvotomy | incision of a valve |
valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a valve |
varicose veins | swollen, twisted veins, often occurring in legs |
vascular | partaining to a blood vessel |
vasoconstriction | narrowing of a blood vessel |
vasodilation | widening of a blood vessel |
vegetations | collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium & valves of heart |
vegetations occur in conditions such as | endocarditis & rheumatic heart disease |
vein | thin-walled blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from body tissues back to heart |
vena cava | largest vein in body |
plural for venae cavae | vena cava |
inferior & superior venae cavae | return blood to heart from body tissues |
venipuncture | incision of a vein to remove blood |
venous | pertaining to a vein |
ventricle | 1 of 2 lower chambers of heart |
venule | small vein |
saturated fats | animal origin, such as milk, butter, & meats; increase blood cholesterol |
polyunsaturated fats | vegetable origin such as corn & safflower oil; decrease blood cholesterol |
creatine kinase | released into bloodstream after injury to heart or skeletal muscles |
cardiac resynchronization therapy | biventricular pacing |
ejection fraction | measures amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat |
cardiovascular system consists of | closed network of blood vessels, and heart, that carry blood throughout the body |
blood vessels are responible for | transporting nutrients & oxygen to the cells to power the body's functions |
carry carbon dioxide & waste prodycts to lungs & kidneys to be eliminated | blood vessels |
heart | cone-shaped organ that is the pump of cardiovascular system |
lies in the mediastinum of thoracic cavity, between lungs & just behind sternum | heart |
the heart lies in front of the | esopahgus, aorta, venae cavae & vertebral column |
apex | blunt point making the lower border of heart, just below the 5th rib |
base | upper border of heart just below 2nd rib |
the heart rests on the | diaphragm |
the heart is rotated to the | left |
endocardium | inner layer of heart made up of smooth membranous tissue |
endothelium | smooth membranous tissue on inner layer of heart |
myocardium | tick middle layer of heart wall |
endocardium lines the interior of heart and | heart valves |
myocardium is composed of | cardiac muscle |
epicardium | outer layer of heart |
the heart has this many layers | 3 |
pericardium consist of a thin sheet of tissue called | serous membrane |
the outer portion of pericardium is made up of a(n) | fibrous portion |
visceral pericardium | inner layer |
parietal pericardium | outer layer |
this adheres to the heart's surface | visceral pericardium |
lines the heart's fibrous coat | parietal pericardium |
space between the visceral and parietal layers of pericardium contains | pericardial fluid |
pericardial fluid | acts as a lubricant, allowing pericarium's layers to move without friction |
low pressure containers that collect blood from circulatory system & deliver to ventricles | atria |
larger & more muscular, pumping blood to the circulatory system | ventricles |
muscular partition that separates heart into 2 functioning units | septum |
double-pump | heart |
interatrial septum | separated atria |
interventricular septum | separates ventricles |
right side of heart consists of | right atrium & ventricle |
left side of the heart consists of | left atrium & ventricle |
bicuspid & trcuspid valves | mitral valves |
mitral valves are | atrioventricular valves |
pulmonary & aortic valves are | semilunar valves |
during artial heart contraction, cardiac muscle in artial wall contracts, forcing blood through the | atrioventricular valves |
when the blood is forced through the atrioventricluar valves it | forces blood into the ventricles |
during ventricular contraction the atrioventricular valves | close |
blood is forced out of ventricles through semilunar valves and into arteries duuring | ventricular contraction |
when the heart makes the "lub" sound, the sound is caused by the vibration & abrupt closure of | atrioventricular valves as ventricles contract |
when the heart makes the "dub" sound, the sound is caused by the closing of the | semilunar valves when ventricles undergo relaxation |
three major types of blood vessels: | arteries, veins, and capillaries |
Arteries | carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body's cells |
large, strong vessels with elastic walls because they need to withstand the force of the blood as it leaves the heart | arteries |
Smaller arteries | arterioles |
arterioles | carry blood to the tiniest of the blood vessels |
capillaries | microscopic blood vessels with walls thin enough to permit the exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the tissue fluid surrounding the body's cells |
allow carbon dioxide and waste materials to pass into the blood from the cells | capillaries |
the blood is carried to the veins by | venules |
venules | small veins |
Because venous return of blood to the heart is less forceful than blood flow through the arteries, their walls are thinner and less elastic | the veins |
in the veins keep the blood flowing back to the heart | valves |
receives venous blood from the inferior and superior venae cavae | right atrium |
once received by the right atrium then flows through the tricuspid valve to the | right ventricle |
With each contraction, the blood is passed from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the | pulmonary artery |
only artery through which oxygen-poor blood flows | the pulmonary artery |
In the lungs, blood travels through the ____ and into the lung ____ | arterioles; capillaries |
carbon dioxide is eliminated and oxygen is absorbed in the | lung capillaries |
oxygen-rich blood flows from the lungs through the venules and is carried by the _____ ____ into the left atrium | pulmonary veins |
are the only veins through which oxygenated blood flows | the pulmonary veins |
From the left atrium, blood travels through the ____ to the left ____ | mitral valve; ventricle |
As the heart contracts, blood is forced from the left ventricle, through the ____ ____, into the aorta and the ____ circulation | aortic valve; systemic |
right and left coronary arteries | pair of arteries that branch from the aorta; both coronary arteries have two main branches; |
right coronary artery and its branches supply the | right atrium, the right ventricle, and a portion of the left ventricle |
left coronary artery and its branches supply the | left atrium, the left ventricle, and a portion of the right ventricle. |
carries oxygen-poor blood from right ventricle to lungs | pulmonary artery |
tricuspid valve connects | right atrium & right ventricle |
systemic circulation | flow of blood from body's organs to heart & back |
vessels that carry blood containing oxygen & other nutrients away from heart to the body | arteries |
blood flows throught the mitral valve to the | lft ventricle |
high blood pressure | has a powerful effect on the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart |
cardiac cycle | 2 plases: systole & diastole |
with each cardiac cycle | the atria simultaneously contract, emptying blood into the relaxed ventricles |
tricuspid & mitral valves stay open during | atrial contraction |
during atrial contraction | the pulmonary & aortic valves are closed |
To prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles, the tricuspid and mitral valves are closed during | ventricular systole |
While the ____ ____, the atria relax and are filled with blood returning from the systemic circulation and from the lungs | ventricles contract |
force of the blood being ejected from the heart causes a regular expansion and contraction of the arterial walls called | the pulse |
The most commonly used pulse point is | over the radial artery, just inside the wrist over the thumb |
A blood pressure measurement is determined by | blood volume, the size and tone of the blood vessel, and the force of the heart's contraction as it ejects blood into the arteries |
The rhythmic contractions of the heart are caused by the spread of an | electrical impulse across certain cardiac pathways and structures |
coordinates the muscular contractions that occur during the cardiac cycle | electrical wave |
generated by a shift in the chemical charge of cardiac cells | electical impulses |
with one pulsation of your palpatated pulse | all the events in the cardiac cycle and the conduction process have just occurred |
wave of conduction begins at | the sinoatrial(SA) node |
the sinoatrial node is located | near vena cava in the right atrial wall |
after leaving the SA node impulses travel through both atria pausing at | the atrioventricular (AV) node |
Purkinje fibers | modified cardiac fibers in the subendocardial tissue completion of the conducting system of the heart |
dysrhythmia | disturbance of rhythm; any deviation from the normal rhythmic pattern of the heartbeat |
aperture | opening |
Electrocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and echocardiography all use | high-frequency sound waves to show the structure & movement of the heart |