Question | Answer |
two characteristics of plants | autotrophic
eukaryotes |
photosynthesisthe process by which plants make their own food | photosynthesis |
the boundary that surrounds a plant cell | cell wall |
a chemical that makes the cell wall rigid | cellulose |
the structures in which food is made,photosynthesis | Chloroplasts |
a sac like storage area where food and water is stored | vacuole |
groups of similar cells that preform a specific function in an organism | tissues |
found in the chloroplasts, gives it the green color | chlorophyll |
for plants to survive on land they must have/ be able to | obtain water and other materials from their surroundings
retain water
transport materials throughout the plant
support their bodies
reproduce successfully |
a waxy waterproof layer that covers the leaves of most plants | cuticle |
an internal system of tube like structures through which water and food move inside the plant | vascular system |
_____ occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell | fertilization |
the fertilized egg | zygote |
the first stage of a plant when it is able to produce spores, the tiny cells that can grow into new organisms | sporophyte |
a spore develops into the plant's other stage, called _____ the plant produces two kinds of sex cells in this stage | gametophyte |
the two kinds of sex cells, perm cells and egg cells | gametes |
the life cycle of the plant | egg - sporophyte - gameophyte |
reaction equation of photosythesis | water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = air and glucose (sugar) |
nonvascular plants | low-growing plants that lack vascular tissue
ex: moss, hornworts, liverworts |
thin root-like structures called _______ anchor the moss and absorb the water and nutrients from the soil | rhizoids |
Sphagnum moss grows in a type of wetland called a ______ | bog |
Over time,the mosses become compressed into layers and form a blackish- brown material called ______ | peat |
liverworts, hornworts, and mosses | lowgrowing, non-vascular, |
two characteristics of ferns and their relatives | vascular tissue
use spores to reproduce |
unlike mosses, ferns are | vascular plants, plants that have vascular tissue |
a ferns leaf | frond |
fern gametophytes | tiny plants that grow low to the ground |
all seed plants share two characteristics | the have vascular tissue and use seeds to reproduce |
most seed plants live_____ | on land |
the vascular tissue through which food moves | Phloem |
water and nutrients travel in the vascular tissue called _______ | xylem |
structures that contain a young plant inside a protective covering | seeds |
the three important parts of a seed | embryo, stored food, and a seed coat |
the young plant that develops from the zygote | embryo |
in some plants, food is stored inside on or two seed leaves, or _______ | cotyledons |
a seed must have three things to develop into a new plant | water
light
nutrients |
the scattering of seeds | seed dispersal |
the early growth stage of an embryo | germination |
the most numerous parts on many plants | the leaves |
the function of leaves | leaves capture the sun's energy and carry out the food-making process of photosyntesis |
the underside of the leaf has small openings, or pores called _____ | stomata they look like tiny mouths |
how the stomata works | carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata sugar and and oxygen are produced form the carbon dioxide and water |
the process by which water evaporates from a plant's leaves | transpiration they slow down transpiration by closing the stomata |
the stem | the stem carries substances between the plant's roots and leaves. The stem also provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun |
a layer of cells inside the phloem | the cambium |
the roots | the roots anchor the plant in the ground and absorb water and nutrients from the soil |
contains dead cells, protects the root from injury from rocks and other material as the root grows through the soil | root cap |
a seed plant that produces naked seeds | gymnosperm |
characteristics of gymnosperms | every gymnosperm produces naked seeds.In addition, many gymnosperms also have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and deep- growing root systems |
the four groups of gymnosperms | cyads, ginkgos, gneophytes, conifers |
cyads | live only in tropical areas |
ginkgo | only one species of ginkgo exists today |
gnetophytes | live in hot dry deserts in south africa, least likely to be seen |
conifers | a cone bearing plant, christmas trees, most likely to see, the largest group of gymnosperms, |
reproductive structures | cones |
the gymnosperms produce two types of cones | male cones and female cones |
_____ contains the microscopic cells that will later become sperm cells | pollen (located in the male cone) |
a structure that contains an egg cell | ovule (located i the female cone) |
the transfer of pollen from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure | pollenation |
a plant that produces seeds that are enclosed in a fruit | angiosperms |
the protective "vessle" where the seeds develop | ovary |
the ovary is located within an angiosperm's ______ | flower |
Characteristics of angiosperms | fruit
flowers |
colorful structures that you see when flowers open | petals |
leaflike structures that enclose a flower when it is still a bud | sepals |
the male reproductive part | stamen |
female reproductive part | pistil |
how angiosperms reproduce | pollen falls on stigma
sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flower's ovule
zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed |
angiosperms with only one seed leaf | monocots corn wheat rice lilles and tulips
flowers have a multiple of three leaves |
angiosperms with two seed leaves | dicots roses violets dandelions oak maple beans and apples
either four or five petals or a multiple of the two |
a plant's growth response toward or away from a stimulus | tropism |
a chemical that affects how the plant grows and develops | hormones |
one important hormone that speeds up the rate at which a plants cells grow | auxin |