Question | Answer |
spondylo- | vetebra |
myelo- | spinal cord; bone marrow. e.g, myeloblast: immature bone marrow cell |
PDA | patent ductus arteriosus used indomethacin (Indocin) |
COX-1 | Protects stomach lining, but platelet aggregation |
COX-2 | Causes inflammation and pain |
phago- | eat, swallow e.g. phagocyte |
-genic | produced by e.g. ulcergenic |
epi- | above, upon e.g. epigastric |
trans- | across e.g. transverse: turning across |
pyresis | state of fever (-esis: condition, state of) |
erythema | widespread redness of the skin |
DX | diagnosis |
Rx | prescription medication |
QD | every day |
BID | two times a day |
TID | three times a day |
QID | four times a day |
QOD | every other day |
-osis | abnormal condition |
bovine | cow |
porcine | pig |
equine | horse |
murine | mice |
NME | new molecular entity -pioneer/1st class drugs -truly unique |
"No drug has original effects" | means can block, enhances, but can't replace(replace: insuline; enhance: stimulate heart, lungs; interrupt: hypertension |
"No drug has just one action" | Therapeutic effect (pharmacologic effect), side effect (effects other than the therapeutic effects), adverse effect (a toxic side effect) |
lithotripsy | crushing the kidney stone for easy removal; -tripsy: to crush |
nephrolithiasis (renal calculi) | kidney stone |
polydysia | very thirsty |
polyuria | very frequent urination |
dysuria | lack of urine |
xerostomia | dry mouth |
ectopic kidneys | kidneys located in an abnormal location (congenital defect) |
CKD | chronic kidney dz: condition during whcih serum cratinine and BUN levels rise leading to impairment of body systems |
CRF | chronic renal failure: progressive loss of kidney function |
vesicovaginal fistula | abnormal condition of viginal and bladder fistulous tract allowing urine to flow directly into the vigina |
enuresis | wet bed |
stress incontinence | occurs with strain on the bladder opening during coughing or sneezing |
urgency incontinence | occurs with inablility to hold back urination when feeling the urge to void |
nephrolithiasis | kidney stones (renal calculi |
nephrolithodynia | ureteral colic |
hydronephrosis | condition in which the renal pelvis accummulates an abnormal level of urine caused by kidney stones |
prolapse | slide forwards |
anaphylaxis | an extreme allergic reaction to a substance (ana- means up) |
prophylaxis | protection (-phylaxis: protect, pro-: before)=prevention |
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | prevents the conversion of CO2 & H20 to HCO3- & H+ and via versa |
anacusis | a state of complete deafness (-acusis/-cusis: hearing) |
vertigo | sensation of whirling motion (dizziness) |
oophor- | ovary e.g., unilateral oophorectomy: removal of one ovary |
salpingo- | Fallopian tube e.g., salpingectomy: removal of the Fallopian tube |
masto- | breast e.g., gynecomastia: condition of breast enlargement in males |
ICP | Intracranial pressure |
ACE inhibitor | Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor -ends with "-opril" |
ARB's | Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers -ends with "-sartan" |
angio-, vaso- | blood vessels |
thrombo- | clot |
SA node | on roof of R. atrium |
AV node | at junction btwn atrium and ventricle |
Bunddle of His | two branches in the interventricular septum |
Purkinje fibers | radiate from bottom and up (more branches) |
P wave | depolarization of the atrium -atrial systole |
QRS | depolarization of the ventricle -ventricular systole |
T wave | repolarization of the ventricle -ventricular diastole |
Bundle of His | located at the top portion of the interventricular septum and gives rise to bundle branches |
Bundle branch | found in the interventricular septum, eitheir be the left or right branch. |
NSR | normal sinus rhythm |
EKG/ECG | electrocardiogram |
HR | normal heart rate is from 60bpm-100bpm |
aneurysm | local widening of an arterial wall subjects to rupturing |
regurgitaion | a bubble up of blood into atrium from ventricle |
MVP | Mitral valve prolapse (inverted valve) |
LVH | left ventricle hypertrophy (left ventricle works harder to pump blood through a narrow artery) |
diaphoresis | the process of sweating |
dextro- right | dextrocardia: abnormally located to the right |
myocardium | heart tissue that undergoes MI |
endocardium | this inner heart layer of IV drug users usually get infected |
DNR | do not resuscitate |
tamponade | collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity causes compression of the heart |
NGT | Nasogastric Tube -FDA-approved use of nimodipine (Nimotop)by pulling capsule to give via NGT (not NTG) |
CAB/CABG | coronary artery bypass |
CPR | cardio-pulmonary resuscitation |
PTCA | angioplasty for short (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty) |
CPK | cardiac isoenzymes |
stent | artificial piece that keeps the wall of artery from coming back together |
cinchonism | collection of Sx caused by quinidine intoxication |
SLE | Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -a lupus-like Sx |
PVC | premature ventricular contraction |
IV bolus | is a large volume of fluid or dose of drug given intravenously and rapidly at one time |
DVT | Deep vein thrombosis (a clot formed in a large vein of the lower limb) |
PE | embolism (embolus: transient clot, thrombus: localized clot) |
variose vein | abnormally swollen or twisted vein of the legs |
CO | cardiac output depends on HR(chronotropic)and stroke volume (inotropic =force of contraction) |
NS | normal saline (NaCl 0.9%) |
D5W | dextrose 5% in water |
CVA | cerebrovascular acident (stroke) aka cerebral infarction/brain attack |
idiopathic | etiology (cause) unknown |
TPA | Tissue plasminogen activator for Tx of stroke, aka Activase |
syncope | loss of conciousness |
angiorrhaphy | the repair by suture of a blood vessel |
hypertrichosis/hirsuitism | overgrowth of hairs |
Hct | Hematocrit: percentage of RBCs in a volume of blood (-crit means separate) |
aniscytosis | an abnormality of red blood cells of unequal size |
ascites | a peritoneal edema due to low albumins |
Ig | immunoglobin ( Ig -M,A,G,D,E) |
BMT | bone marrow transplant |
hematopoiesis | process forming blood cells |
erythropoiesis | process forming red blood cells |
myelopoiesis | bone marrow synthesis |
N/V | nausea/vomiting |
melena | blood in stool |
c(- on top) | with |
p(- on top) | after |
G-CSF | granulocyte-colony stimulating factor |
GM-CSF | granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor |
LMWH | low molecular weight heparin |
-rrhexis | rupture e.g. splenorrhexis: ruptured spleen |
lympho- | lymph |
lymphocyto- | lymphatic cells |
lymphangio- | lymphatic vessel |
lymphadeno- | lymphatic tissue |
ecchymosis | bruise |
epistaxis | bloody nose |
petechiae | small bruise (dots) |
purpura | large patch of bruise usually seen in the elderly |
IC | intracardiac |
legend drugs | Rx only drugs |
drug origins | plants, animals and minerals |
approval of NME | is based on safetly (min risk) and efficacy (has to work) |
ADR | adverse drug reaction (side effect) |
DTC | direct to consumer |
TI | therapeutic index (measures safety) = LD50/ ED50 |
NTI | narrow therapeutic index= a small change in dosage could cause toxic results |
idosyncratic effect | an unexpected side effect |
NKA/NKDA | no know Ax/no known drug Ax |
teratogenic | causing birth defects |
iatrogenic | Tx causes problems |
IA | intra-articular (joint) |
PR | per rectum (rectal route) |
SQ | subcutaneous |
SL | sublingual |
pharmacokinetic | movement of drugs (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolite, Excretion) |
tachyphylaxis | develop tolerance quickly |
Placebo | innert, used in testing controlled experiment |
EC | enteric coated |
XR | extended release |
trade name | contains registered trademarks |
indication | valid reason to use the drug for |
contraindication | conditions or factors that a drug is not supposed to be used for |
bioavailability | fraction of drug administered which is actually absorbed and reached the circulation |
osteo-, osseo- | bone |
teno-, tendino- | tendon |