| Question |
Answer |
| what is jaundice | excess bilirubin |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Growth Hormone | Anterior Pituitary Gland, systemic, non steroid, makes things grow (bones, muscle) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Thyroid-Stimulating (tsh) | Anterior Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, non-steroid, influences metabolism |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Adreno-corticotroptic (acth) | Anterior pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, non-steroid, regulates adrenal activity (controls) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Prolactin (PRL) | Anterior Pituitary Gland, Mammary gland, non steroid, makes milk |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Luteinizing(LH) | Anterior Pituitary gland, gonads, non steroid, stimulate sex organs |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of follicle-stimulating (fsh | anterior pituitary gland, gonads, turns on gonads |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Anti-diuretic (ADH | hypothalamus, kidneys, non steroid, reabsorb water |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of oxytocin )OT( | hypothalamus, smooth muscle (uterous) nonsteroid, stimulates milk and gets baby out |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Thyroid (t3 &t4) | thyroid gland, systemic, non steroid, Controls rate of metabolism |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Calcitonin | Thyroid gland, systemic, decreases blood calcium levels (by taking it out of blood and building bones osteoblasts) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Parathyroid (PTH) | Parathyroid gland, oseteoclast, non steroid, raises blood calcium levels (by taking bone, destroying it and releasing the calcium into the blood) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Mineral corticoids (aldosterone) | adrenal cortex, systemic (kidney tubules), STEROID, regulates water and electrolyte balance in cells (salt content) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of glucocorticoids (cortisol) | adrenal cortex, systemic, STEROID, raise blood glucose levels during stress (quickly) |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Androgens (sex hormones) | Adrenal cortex & gonads, systemic, steroids, stimulates sex organ growth, muscle mass, secondary sex organs |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of insulin | pancreas islets beta, systemic, non steroid, lower blood sugar levels |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of glucagon | pancreas islets alpha, systemic and liver, non steroid, raises blood sugar level |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of melatonin | pineal gland, brain, non steroid, inhibits precocious sex and promotes sleep. |
| Source, Target, Type, Action of Atrial Naturetic | Heart, Kidney, non steroid, gets rid of salt |
| Which organs are responsible for removing old blood cells from the body | liver and spleen |
| which hormones are direct antagonists | calcitonin and pth, insulin and glucagon, aldosterone and anp |
| what are tropic hormones | hormones that direct the action of other hormones (Management) |
| what are the tropic hormones | TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH |
| What are releasing hormones | hormones that direct the tropic hormones |
| location of synthesis of releasing hormones and job | they are made in the hypothalamus and sent out the anterior pituitary gland |
| receptor types | photo, chemical, mechanical, baro, thermo- |
| vision pathway | cornea, aqueas humor, pupil, lens, vitrious humor, retina, to rods and cones...light detection for r & c is pigment (rhodipsin) to opsin to pde which closes sodium channels and turns off nerves and sends a "negative" to the occipital lobe |
| sound pathway | sound starts in external ear, hits ear drum, vibrates ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrates cochlea which is filled with fluid and vibrates the little hair cells connected to cranial nerves and sends to temporal lobe |
| ear balance pathway | move head, moves fluid in semi-circular canals, moves hairs connected to nerves to cerebellum |
| steps to determine balance | 1. vision. 2. dynamic equilibrium 3. static equilibrium. 4 proprioreceptors (muscles |
| static ear balance | rocks fall with gravity, otoliths "ear Rocks", move hairs and talk to cerebellum |
| normal hemocrit | 45% |
| amenia types | iron deficiency, hemorragic, b12 deficiency, sicle cell amenia |
| blood jobs | transportation of gasses, nutrients, waste |
| components of blood | rbc, wbc, platlets |
| rbcs | red blood cells- carry gasses (oxygen and co2), made in bone marrow |
| wbcs | immunity - lukacites |
| platlets | important for clotting |
| plasma | watery medium that plasma floats in. contains waste, nutrients, gasses |
| When oxygen levels are low... | more EPO is made and sent from the Liver and Kidneys to tell the bone marrow to make more blood. |
| getting rid of old RBC's | starts in liver and spleen where the liver takes out the iron (done by transferrin), amino acids go to the plasma, rest goes to bilirindin to the bile to bilirubin in liver and gallbladder to intestines and end in rectum. |
| universal donor blood type | o- |
| universal blood type reciepent | ab+ |
| getting cut repair steps | vessel spasm (shrinks, vasoconstruct). platlet plug. clotting |
| clotting cascade | Tissue factor > PF3 > X > Prothrombin Activator > makes thrombin which makes fibrin (clotting) and plasmin (clot destroyer) |
| TPA - tissue plasmin activator | for stroke victims |
| Heart anatomy | 2 atrium and 2 ventricles (chambers) |
| arteries move... | away from the heart |
| veins move... | to the heart |
| Pulmonary circut | trips to the lungs |
| Systemic circut | trips to everywhere else in the body |
| Blood pathway | in through the superior/inferior vena cava to the RA through Tricuspid valve > RV out the Pulmonary artery > lungs > Pulmonary Vein > LA through Bicuspid valve > LV > out the Aorta to body |
| Pulmonary side | Right side (used blood, lack of oxygen) |
| Systemic side | Left side (new blood, oxygen, red) |
| starley law | if you "prestretch" the heart you are able to get more blood in |
| cardiac cycle | ventricle fill with blood from atrium, ventricles systole (contract) and valves close behind blood, blood leaves via artery, isovolumetric relaxiation |
| Intrinsic Conduction System | SA Node (Pacemaker, P Wave, atria contract, Autorhythmic), AV Node (ventricles contract, autorhythmic, QRS wave), Reset (relaxing T-Wave) |
| Cardiac Action Potential | 1. sodium goes in. 2. calcium in. (depolarization) Also the calcium in makes for a pause to fill the ventricles. Potassium out (repolarization) |
| cardiac output | heart rate (pulse) X stroke volume |
| Peripheral Nervous system | Somatic and Autonomic, Sensory and Motor, Basically everything in the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord |
| Somatic is... | voluntary and controls the skeletal muscles |
| autonomic is... | involuntary and controls the smooth muscles |
| Sensory pns is... | input and to the brain |
| motor pns is... | output and moving away from the brain |
| Diaphragm rhyme | Phrenic nerve. Cervical plexus. c3 c4 c5 keep the diaphragm alive |
| ascending nerve characteristics | from body to brain, sensory |
| descending nerve characteristics | from the brain to the body, motor |
| Reflex steps (6) | 1. stimulus 2. sensor/receptor 3. sensory neuron 4. area of spinal cord/plexus 5. motor neuron 6. effector (muscle) |
| interneurons | they go up and down the spine, across the spine, sends messages to the brain (learning), antagonist inhibition (tells the opposite muscle to relax) |
| ipsi-lateral | reflex occurs on same side as stimulus |
| contralateral | when reflex occurs on opposite side of stimulus |
| meninges function | surround the cns, protects and cushions |
| cerebral-spinal fluid function | shock absorbers, cushions, blood brain barrier |
| spinal tap location | lumbar (more space to work inside of |
| Brain Stem parts | Medulla oblongata, Pons |
| Diencephalon parts | hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus |
| cerebrum parts | parietal lobe, frontal lobe, occiptial lobe, temporal lobe |
| cerebellum parts | abor vitea, vermis |
| medulla oblongata function | basic life support, breathing, heart |
| pons function | means bridge, connects the brain stem to the rest of the brain or "high brain", regulates breathing |
| thalamus function | relay center, router, switchboard. Directs traffic - sorts the messages and gets them from the spine to the parts of brain. |
| hypothalamus function | homeostasis |
| epithalamus function | makes cerebral spinal fluid |
| Meninges anatomy | Dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (innermost). |
| Subarachnoid space function | place where the csf lies |
| csf pathway | 1. epithalamus. 2. fill ventricles (center of brain). 3. travel through "cerebral aqueduct". 4. central canal. 5. leaks from the medularis conas into subarachnoid space of spine. 6. up the outside of spine to outside the brain. 7. out the arachnoid villi. |
| cerebellum function | coordination or balance |
| mesencephalon parts | corpara quadrigemina (reflexes visual and audio) rubro area (red nucleus or muscle tone, tells muscles to keep going) Ras (awareness or consciences) |
| occipital lobe funcion | visual |
| temporal lobe function | nose and hearing |
| parietal lobe function | sensory, understanding words (wernickes) |
| frontal lobe function | motor functions, recognition (thinking and personality, making words (brocas areas) |
| dominant hemisphere | the location of the Broca's area |
| cns 1 | olfactory, smell, sensory |
| cns 2 | optic, sight, sensory |
| cns 3 | oculomotor, moves eye, motor |
| cns 4 | trochlear, moves eye, motor |
| cns 5 | trigeminal, jaws and teeth, both |
| cns 6 | abducens, moves eye, motor |
| cns 7 | facial, face and expressions, both |
| cns 8 | vestbulo cochlea, hearing and balance, sensory |
| cns 9 | glossopharngeal, tongue throat, both |
| cns 10 | vasus, heart/guts, both |
| cns 11 | accessory, neck muscles, motor |
| cns 12 | hypoglossal, throat, motor |
| Mirror nerve location | Frontal Lobe, Pre-motor cortex, (planning movement |
| Mirror nerve function | lack of empathy |
| Limbic system parts and funtion | Parts: Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus. Function: Emotional system, keeps you from doing something stupid. Memory |
| Muscles the ANS talks to | Involuntary |
| ANS is controlled by | limbic system: Sympathatic or Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic wire location | thoraco-Lumbar region |
| Parasympathetic wire locations | cranial-sacral region |
| Sympathetic characteristics | fight or flight |
| parasympathetic charasteristics | rest and digest |
| sympathetic neuron charasteristics | short 1st neuron, long 2nd neuron or short pregangleonic fiber and long post ganglionic fiber |
| parasympathetic neuron charasteristics | long 1st neuron, short 2nd neuron or long pre-gangleonic fiber and short post-ganglionic fiber |
| sympathetic neurotransmitters | Acetylocholine from pre to post and epinephrine (adreneline) to organ |
| Parasympathetic neurotransmitters | acetelocholine from pre to post and to organ |
| Ascending tracts | spino-cerebellum, spino-thalamic, dorsal columns. |
| decending tracts | cortisospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal |
| spino cerebellar | doesn't cross, balance |
| spino thalmic | pain and temp, crosses at spine and then goes up |
| dorsal columns | touch, crosses at the medula oblongatta |
| cortisospinal | voluntary motor, crosses at medula oblongatta |
| rubrospinal | muscle tone (keeping your back straight so you don't fall over), crosses at the medula obsongatta |
| reticulospinal | muscle tone (keeping your back straight so you don't fall over), crosses at the medula obsongatta |
| a drug that works to block a receptor is what? | antagonist |
| Ach (acetacholine) recptors affect which system | parasympathetic system |
| drugs that affect the sympathetic system are... | androgenic |
| drugs that affect the parasympathetic system are... | cholinergic |
| alpha drugs affect... | everywhere |
| Beta 1 drugs affect | the heart |
| beta 2 drugs affect | the lungs |
| Atenolol | beta 1 blocker (antagonist) |
| Propranolol | beta 1 and beta 2 blocker |
| prazosin | alpha 1 blocker |
| atropine | ach blocker |
| phenylephrine | alpha 1 agonist |
| dobutamine | beta 1 agonist |
| albuterol | beta 2 agonist |
| norepinephrine | alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 agonist (predominantly alpha 1 agonist) |
| what sound makes the lub | tricuspid and bicuspid valves |
| what sound makes the dub | pulmonary and aortic valves |
| what is a ventricular septal defect | a hole in the heart |
| ventricular diastole | ventricular relaxation |
| factors affecting blood pressure | vasoconstriction (smaller pipes more pressure), hemocrit (how many rbc you have, and viscosity, thicker blood pressure goes up harder to push), vessel length, more fat means more tissue to service (pressure goes up) |
| short term bp regulation | Nerves responsible, baroreceptors in neck say we need more blood, (sympathetic response), brain gets epinephrine to heart, heart beats like crazy |
| long term bp regulation | hormones responsible, kidney makes renin > angiotensin I > to lungs to make > angiotensin II converts to ACE enzyme goes to adrenal gland to make Alderstone. more alterstone, more salt, keeps water, water goes to plasma higher plasma lower blood pressure |
| cappilary components | sphincter, when open blood goes from artery to vein through the capillarries. when low 0xygen they open when high co2 they open and when 2 much waste. negative feedback dictates opening |
| dynamic equilibrium is | semi-circular ducts |
| Layers for immunity | skin, hair, cillia, mucus, tears, saliva, sweat, oil, wax, urine, stomach acid, vaginal acid |
| inflammation for immunity | red hot big, because of increased blood flow and more wbc |
| neutrophil function | eats bad things |
| histamine function | chemical messenger to promote swelling and or blood flow |
| lymphocyte function | immune response |
| monocyte function | macrophage (eats) |
| eosinophil function | attacks parasites |
| basophils function | releases histamine |
| layers of immunity | 1. protection (skin and liquids). 2. inflammation (increased blood flow). 3. lymph system (drainage system). 4. immune response (killers) |
| lymph system function | drainage system, teh extra fluid is "lymph" and the lymph nodes are filters to the heart |
| lymphocyte cell types | b cell and t cell |
| immune response pathway | 1. b-cell grabs invader. 2. waits for orders. 3. t-cell orders "cytokines" to clone b-cell so they will have proper receptor. 5. 2 clone cell types plasma cell clone to release antibodies and sleeper cells to remember the invader |
| Ig rhyme | IGA'S flow away, IGD is on the B, IGE is allergy, IGG is bloody baby, IGM is first membranie |
| iga place and function | mucosal layer, body fluid, tears, saliva, milk. they stop attachment and keep things from coming in |
| igd place and function | found on b-cell. They grab invaders |
| ige place and function | found skin, intestines, respiratory system. It triggers the release of histamine and gets inflamation rolling |
| Igg place and function | plasma, main antibody/fighter for baby, crosses placenta |
| igm place and function | attached to b-cell, first one made |
| mhc protein | identifying protein on each and every body cell |
| antogen presenting cell | |
Cardio Block2anatomy
