| TERM |
DEFINITION |
| myocardium | muscle that makes up the heart |
| endocardium | c.t. that encloses the entire heart |
| pericardium | attaches the endocardium to the thorax |
| coronary arteries | branch from the base of the aorta to supply the entire myocardium |
| systole | contraction phase |
| diastole | atria and ventricles relaxed |
| stroke volume | amount of blood pumped into aorta during a single ventricular contraction |
| cardiac output | stroke volume x heart rate: volume of blood pumped per minute |
| erythrocytes (rbc) | transport o2 remove co2 |
| leukocytes (wbc) | phagocytosis, mediate immune system response |
| thrombocytes (platelets) | clotting |
| blood pressure | pressure of blood against arterial walls, maintains perfusion of o2 into organs |
| myocardial ischemia | myocardium deprived of oxygen resulting in chest pain (angina) |
| dyspnea | shortness of breath; occurs when cardiac output decreases |
| fatigue | reduction in the body's capability to perform work |
| palpitation | senseation of skipped beats or the heart fluttering uncomfortably |
| arrhythmia | disturbance of the electrical activity that controls the heartbeat which causes cardiac contractions of excessive pace or strenght (palpitations) |
| claudication | impaired gait, occurs when blood flow to a lower limb is blocked |
| edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, occurs with chronic cardiac conditions or obstruction of veins or lymph vessels |
| Korotkoff sounds | sounds used to determine bp |
| atherosclerosis | arteries that have been pathologically narrowed |
| aneurysm | deformed arteries |
| athletes heart | general cardiac hypertrophy- enlargmenet of both ventricles due to adaptation to strenuous aerobic exercise |
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | pathological enlrgment of the heart associated with an asymmetricl enlrgment of the left ventricular cavity-leading cause of SCD in young athletes |
| myocardial ischemia | oxygen needed by myocardium exceeds oxygen in blood delivered by the coronary arteries |
| arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) | fatty infiltration (penetration) and fibrosis of the myocardium of the right ventricle |
| Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) | deformity of mitral valve leaflets that prevents it from closing completely |
| paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia | intermittently occuring very rapid heart rate at rest >150 bpm- defect in discharge pattern of SA node, atria, or AV node that causes drastic increase in heart rate |
| Q-T interval | time it takes for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize |
| Wolfe-parkinson-White Syndrome | accessory pathway between atria and ventricles conducts more rapidlyithan the AV node, and result is that one of the ventricles depolarizes slightly before the other |
| marfan Syndrome | Connective tissue disorder associated with increased risk for scd, develop potentially fatal deformities in aorta |
| Commotio Cordis | Sudden blows to the chest that occur during the vulnerable phase of cardiac repolarization that induce a severe ventricular arrhytmia |
| myocarditis | inflammatory process of the cardiac muscle cells |
| generic drug | copy of brand name drug whose patents have expired can sell for cheaper bc no experimental cost |
| enteral routes | routes of admin that provide entry to the boyd by way of alimentary canal or digestive system (oral, rectal) |
| parenteral routes | injection inhalation sublingual buccal and topical |
| enteric coating | delays the release of medication until it reaches small intestine |
| extended release medication | released over a longer period, contains more drug |
| buccal | between cheek and gum |
| suppository | common dosage form used to administer meds via rectum |
| pharmacokinetics | physiological process of how the body acts on a drug (ADME) |
| bioavailability | amount of drug that is actually available in the body's tissues |
| first pass effect | occurs if drug is absorbed from the intestine into the liver before entering the systemic circulation |
| passive diffusion | lipid soluble drugs diffuse more quickly and easily and are capable of passing through blood brain barrier to affect cns |
| active transport | protein move drug across membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | drug selectivity through binding of a protein |
| onset of action | time it takes for drug to reach site of action |
| duration of action | period of time when concentration levels are sufficient enough to proeduce a therapeutic effect |
| metabolism | process by which drugs are inactivated and broken down into more water soluble metabolites in preparation for excretion |
| halflife | time it takes for concentration to be reduced by one half after it has reached peak concentration |
| elimination | process by which body rids itself of drug |
| pharmacodynamics | process of how drug acts on the body |
| agonist | drug that fits the receptor and initttates a mechanism similar to the endogenous compound |
| antagonist | drug that fits receptor but fails to initiate or block mechanism |
| receptor theory of drug action | agonists and antagonists |
| potency | strenght of drug |
| steady state | maintaing blood levels within the therapeutic range, achieved once the blood levesls from continued dosing matches the levls of excretion of a drug |
| agonistic interaction | 2 drugs of same type taken together to add and increase overall effect |
| antagonistic effects | 2 unrelated drugs to reduce effectivenss of oral drug |
| cox 1 (housekeeping) responsible for | gi mucosal integrity, platelet aggregation, renal function |
| cox 2 (inflamatory gene) responsible for | inflamation, pain, wound healing |
| penicilins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems | inhibit synthesis of bacterias cell wall (bactericidal antibiotics) |
| tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglcosides | disrupt normal protein synthesis |
| sulonamides | inhibit an enzyme used to synthesize tetrahydrofolic acid within bacteria |
| staphylococcus aureus infection | misuse of antibiotics has lead to increased incidence of antibiotic resistancce |
| h1 histamine | respiratory tract |
| h2 histamine | stomach |
| h3 histamine | cerebrospinal fluid |
| 1st generation h1 antihistamine | lipid soluble, can cross blood brain barrier to affect cns (drowsiness) |
| 2nd gen antihistamine | less lipid soluble, not as drowsy, better for daytime |
| decongestants | cause vacoconstriction of the blood vessls within the nasal passages to help reduce swelling of mucous membranes |
| bronchodilators | used by individuals with asthma to relax bronchial spasms and expand airways |
| antiemetics | used to treat nausea and vomiting (regulated in medulla) |
| antidarrheals | used to treat symptoms of diarrhea, howerver don't generally treat underlying cause |
| bulk forming laxative | made of a fiber or cellulose that swells once combined with fluid producing a thick substance that stimulates perisatalsis and pushes the intestinal content forward |
| osmotic laxatives | function to increase peristalis by drawing water into the intestinal lumen |
| stimulant laxatives | increase motility of bowels |
| antacids | neutralize stomach acid and increase gastric pH |
| fungicidals | disrupt cell membrane of fungus thus killing the fungal cell, |
| fungistatics | prevent the fungal cell from replicating, allowing the immune system to mainage the infection |
| antiviral meds | used to treat herpes and influenza infections prevent and reduce duratin and severity of the virus |
| deep somatic pain | bone nerve muscle tendons ligaments arteries or joints |
| visceral pain | internal organs |
| hyperplasia | increase in nmber of cells in a tissue without chane in the rate of cell division or function (adaptaion to chronic increased metabolic demands) |
| metaplasia | replacement of cells of one type with antoher in response to physical or chemical irritants |
| dysplasia | cells adapt by changing to an abnormal cell type (cancer) |
| necrosis | cell death |
| proliferative stage | serves to close the tissue wond (scar) |
| remodeling stage | overlaps proliferative: some tissue remodeling occurs while collagein is still being deposited to heal the damage. stops when structure is restored |
| hyperpnea | rapid respiration |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| osteoplats | produce osteocytes |
| osteoclats | resorbe osteocytes |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow |
| arthritis | subtle joint instability and joint capsule inflammation |
| connective tissue | collagen and elastin. heals with collagen only, loses flexibility after injury |
| epithelium | lines int. ext surfaces of body |
| endothelium | lines cardiovasuclar system |
| hemorrhage | loss of large amounts of blood from vascular system |
| shock | organs become deprived of blood borne nutrients and oxygen |
| septicemia | presense of infection |
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