| Question | Answer |
| Afterload | Resistance against which the heart must pump |
| Aldosterone | Steroid that causes kidneys to retain sodium and water increasing BP |
| Angiotensin 2 | Constricts arterioles |
| Angiotension Converting Enzyme (ACE) | converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 |
| AV Node | transmits pulse from atria to ventricles |
| Automaticity | ability of the heart to create its own electrical activity |
| Chronotropic | rate of heart contractions |
| Contractility | Strength of muscular contraction of heart |
| Inotropy | Contractility |
| Digitalization | Cardiac Glycoside loading dose |
| Pacemakers | cells of the SA node |
| Preload | amount of blood contained in ventricles before contraction |
| Renin | released by the kidneys, converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1 |
| SA node | cells in the right atrium that begins contraction of cardiac muscle |
| Ventricular hypertrophy | enlargement of the ventricles caused by chronic demands for increased output |
| Cardioglycoside uses? | increases force of heart contraction; Decrease rate of contraction; Decrease speed of conduction |
| Digoxin therapuetic level? | 0.5-2.0 mg/ml |
| most common cause of dig toxicty? | improper dose; concurrent diuretic therapy. |
| What is one reason to lower dosage of dig? | kidney failure |
| what is usual daily maintenence dose of dig? | 0.125-0.25mg |
| What is PO onset time for dig? | 30min - 2hr |
| What is IV onset time for digoxin? | 10-30min |
| what else is needed if patient is on IV digoxin? | cardiac monitor |
| dig loading dose? | 0.75-1.0mg in divided doses 6-8 hrs apart over a 24 hour period PO; then once daily to maintain. |
| What do you do before ever administering digoxin? | check pulse for 60 full seconds |
| when do you not give digoxin? | if heartrate is below 60 |
| What is contraindicated with digoxin? | antacids |
| what do you do with a missed dose? | take as soon as possible, no doubling doses. |
| digoxin contraindicated in which three complications? | severe myocarditis, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricle fibrilation. |
| use digoxin with caution with what condition? | MI; heart block; renal impairment |
| six factors contributing to digoxin toxicity? | Large Doses; Impaired renal function; Age (very young or very old); electrolyte imbalances; Hypothyroidism; High fiber meals |
| 3 early s/s of digoxin toxicity | anorexia; nausea; confusion |
| 2 late s/s of digoxin toxicity | visual problems, heart rate or rythm changes |
| what do you do if suspected digoxin toxicity? | DC and give antidote |
| what is the antidote for digoxin toxicity? | Digibind |
| antidote will start working when? | within 30min |
| What drug do you give to treat digitalis induced bradycardia | atropine |
| 3 electrolyte imbalances that put pts at risk for digoxin tox? | Hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagesium |
| ACE inhibitors are used for what? | Hypertension |
| ACE inhibitors are first line drugs for what? | Heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction |
| ACE inhibitors decrease what two things in the heart? | preload and afterload |
| After first dose of ACE inhibitor what do you instruct and why? | Tell pt to lay down for a couple of hours due to excessive hypotension. |
| what is major side effect for ace inhibitors | cough |
| ACE inhibitors can cause an increase in what | Potassium |
| What do you not give with ACE inhibitors? | Potassium suppliments |
| Generic names for ace inhibitors end in what? | 'pril |
| What is the prototype ace inhibitor | Captopril (Capoten) |
| Lotensin is what type of drug | ace inhibitor |
| Vasotec is what type of drug | ace inhibitor |
| Nonopril is what type of drug | ace inhibitor |
| Prinoval (Zestril) is what type of drug | ace inhibitor |
| Aceon is what type of drug | Ace inhibitor |
| Accupril is what type of drug | Ace inhibitor |
| Altace is what type of drug | ace inhibitor |
| Mavik is what type of drug | ace inhibitor |
| list 8 ace inhibitors | Captopril, Lotensin, Vasotec, nonopril, Prinival (zestril), Aceon, Accupril, Altace, Mavik |
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors are what? | peripheral vasodilators |
| what is the main purpose for a Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors? | increase cardiac output |
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors decrease what? | Ventricular afterload |
| Use Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in what situation? | short term for severe heart failure not controlled by digoxin |
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors can increase the rate of what? | heart arrythmias |
| Need to be alert for what when giving Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors? | severe HYPOtension |
| give two Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor examples. | Inocor and primacor |
| how are inocor and primacor administered? | IV bolus and continuous drip |
| three adverse side effects with Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors | thrombocytopenia, N/V, abdominal pain |
| what is used to control edema associated with CHF | diuretics |
| vasodilators will decrease what? | afterload |
| Angina pectoris | ischemia of the heart |
| Ready to give up? | Never!!!!! |
| Classic angina | AKA: stable angina or exertional angina. just what the name implys |
| Levines sign? | clenched fist placed over sternum when having chest pain. |
| unstable angina | ): Angina that has a changing intensity and seems to involve rupture of atherosclerotic plaques with accompanying formation of thrombi. It comes at decreasing levels of exertion and often at rest. |
| pts with unstable angina are most likely to have what? | a big MI |
| Prinzmetal's angina | AKA: variant angina; A form of angina caused by spasms of the large coronary arteries during which blood flow through the constricted arteriole is reduced. It has no relationship to exercise |
| Prinzmetals angina or variant angina occurs more frequently when? | the morning. |
| Organic Nitrovasodilators do what? | produce vasodilation |
| what do you always check before giving Organic Nitrovasodilators? | blood pressure |
| What is most common Organic Nitrovasodilator side effect | hypotension |
| what are some less common Organic Nitrovasodilator side effects? | headache and flushing that will disapear after a few days |
| Isordil is what? | a Organic Nitrovasodilator |
| Ismo is what type of drug? | Organic Nitrovasodilator |
| what is the prototype Organic Nitrovasodilator drug? | nitrogylcerine |
| give three Organic Nitrovasodilators | nitroglycerine; Isordil; Ismo |
| how can Organic Nitrovasodilators be used? | prophylactically or acute episodes |
| how is nitroglycerine adminstered? | sublingual |
| how often is nitro administered? | q 5 mins x3 |
| the spray nitro goes where? | also sublingual |
| how else can nitro be administered? | patch |
| do you ever use your fingers on the nitro patch? | nope use the papers it come with. |
| what do you want to do to nitro patch sites | rotate 'em |
| do you put the nitro patch on dry, cracked, or hairy skin? | noper |
| what do you do to the nitro patch at night? | remove it |
| can you wear the nitro patch in the water? | sure can. |
| Can nitro be given IV? | you betcha |
| what are some reasons for nitro given IV? | emergency control of BP, and relief from chest pain. |
| if using nitro drip to control bp, how do you do it? | titrate up until patient has loss of chest pain or untill loss of systolic bp of 20 |
| what do you mix nitro drip in ? | glass bottle |
| why do you use a glass bottle and plastic tubing when giving nitro drip? | plastic absorbs the drug |
| how often do you replace a nitro drip set? | q24H |
| If pt has other iv lines, where do you put the nitro drip? | in a seperate site. |
| What do you not do after taking nitro? | smoke |
| store the nitro tablets where? | cool dry dark place |
| nitro pills good for how long after opening | 6 months |
| What can't someone do after taking nitro? | Smoke |
| what effect does aspirin provide? | antiplatelet |
| What is the dosage for the antiplatelet effect of aspirin? | 81-325mg |
| Antilipidemics do what? | decrease serum cholesterol |
| antihypertensives do what? | lower blood pressure |
| what do beta blockers do? | decrease heart rate and BP therby decreasing cardiac workload and oxygen demand. |
| what are beta blockers used for? | Long term management of severe angina attacks |
| beta blockers are contraindicated when? | bradyarrythmias and heart block |
| What is the action of calcium channel blockers? | dilate the coronary and peripheral arteries to decrease cardiac workload |
| monitor what four things when giving calcium channel blockers? | blood pressure, pulse, I&O and weight |
| The four symptoms watched for when giving calcium channel blockers are indicitive of what condition? | fluid retention |
| What is viagra? | a vasodilator |
| what is viagra used for? | erectile dysfunction |
| What will viagra and the ingestion of nitrates cause | MI |
| what does Nitropress do? | dilates the arterial and venus smooth muscles |
| what route is Nitropress given? | IV only |
| You want to protect the NItropress container from what? | Light |
| Nitropress will decrease what? | B/P |
| How fast will nitropress decrease B/P | extremely rapidly |
| what do you monitor when giving Nitropress | B/P |
| When is hyperstat given? | hypertensive emergencies |
| How is hyperstat administered | IV |
| Rogaine is used for what? | Long term management of hypertension |
| what is one side effect of rogaine | hair growth |
| two drugs used in conjunction with other drugs to treat hypertension are what? | rogaine and apresoline |
| define action potential. | The opening and closing of different ion channels in cardiac muscle cells which allows sodium and calcium to move into cells triggering contraction of the muscles. |
| What is an arrythmia? | changes from the normal pattern of heart beat |
| define atrial flutter. | A very rapid, rhythmic pattern of contractions |
| what is an ectopic pacemaker? | Abnormal pacemakers that may develop when the heart is damaged or diseased or after treatment with certain drugs |
| What drugs can cause an ectopic pacemaker? | digoxin or high doses of catecholamines |
| define Paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia | A rapid rhythm that begins abruptly with a premature atrial or junctional beat. |
| define a Premature ventricular contractions | An arrhythmia in which the ECG pattern shows a normal pattern of P followed by QRS, then an abnormal QRS that does not follow a P wave |
| what is a proarrythmia? | The effect of causing very serious arrhythmias from drugs that were supposed to prevent serious arrhythmias |
| what class of drugs can cause a proarrythmia? | Class 1 antiarrythmatic drugs |
| what drugs can cause a proarrythmia? | Flecainide and moricizine |
| define the Refractory period | The period of inexcitability in which cells cannot cause another action potential because the channels have not reset. |
| define Slow response tissue. | Tissue of the AV and SA nodes which have only the slow calcium channels operating in their cells. |
| what is a Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia? | Arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles and involve a high atrial rate |
| give some examples of a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. | artrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia |
| what is Torsades de pointes? | A potentially deadly arrhythmia consisting of ventricular tachycardia at rates so fast that the blood pressure falls sharply, resulting in fainting. They may progress to ventricular fibrillation. |
| What can Torsades de pointes turn into? | Ventricular fibrilation |
| what can cause Torsades de pointes to turn into V-fib? | potassium channel blockers |
| what is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome? | An anatomically defined arrhythmia in which impulses pass through a physical connection other than the AV node; this faster accessory pathway along with the slower AV node causes a premature beat. May be caused by “reentry”. |
| give 7 s/s of cardiac arrythmia | chest pain, dizzyness, syncope, diaphoresis, palpitaitons, SOB, Confusion |
| what are four possible causes for reccurent arrythmias? | excess sodium, caffeine, nicoteine, Alchohol use |
| What does the drug class of antiarrythmic drugs signifiy? | the rate the drug molecules unbind with the sodium channels |
| Class I antiarrythmics are also called what? | sodium channel blockers |
| Sodium channel blockers are used to treat what? | PVC, SVT, V-Tach, and prevention of V-fib |
| what are sodium channel blockers mainly used for today? | prevention of life threatening ventricular arrythmias |
| sodium channel blockers do what? | prevent the absorption of sodium by the cells. |
| what is the major effect of sodium channel blockers? | slow the rate of conduction of the cardiac impulse through atrial and ventricular muscles |
| there are how many subclasses of class 1 antiarrythmics? | 3 |
| Most class 1 antiarrythmics are given how | PO |
| what is the one sodium channel blocker that is not given PO? | lidocane |
| why is lidocaine not given PO? | absorbed to rapidly |
| What is the prototype for class 1 anytiarrythics? | Quinidine |
| Quinidine does what? | maintains sinus rythm |
| give 3 adverse affects of Quinidine | stomach pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea |
| what is Porcainamide? | Class 1 antiarrythmic |
| what is Porcainamide used for? | prevent the recurrence of atrial fibrillation |
| Give two drugs that are Procainamide. | Pronestyl and Procanbid |
| What is one major side effect to Procainamide? | a sydrome resembling lupus |
| What is Porcainamide similar to? | Similar in action and use to Quinidine |
| What is an adverse effect of Norpace? | anticholenergic effect. |
| Class 1B antiarrythmics have a fast rate of what? | unbinding of sodium |
| Class 1-B Sodium Channel Blockers are used to treat what? | PVCs, V-tach, and to prevent V-fib |
| What is the prototype for Class 1-B Sodium Channel Blockers? | Lidocaine |
| Lidocaine used to be the drug of choice for what? | ventricular arrhythmias |
| What do you need to figure out about lidocaine by looking on the label? | what it is used for: cardiac arrythmias or local anesthesia |
| What is the pattern of dosage for lidocaine IV thearpy? | • Start with a bolus injection of 50-100 mg over 2 minutes. Then a continuous infusion of 1-4 mg/min |
| Use lidocaine with caution in what kind of patients? | liver disease patients |
| Give seven adverse effects of lidocaine. | Dizzyness, nervousness, drowziness, muscle twitching, confusion, disorientation and seizures |
| What is Mexitil similar to? | lidocaine |
| how is Mexitil given? | PO |
| What is Tonocord similar to? | lidocaine |
| how is Tonocord given? | PO |
| What does a patient taking Tonocord need to do? | set alarm clock to dosages, must stay steady in system |
| Class 1-C Sodium Channel Blockers do what? | slow rate of sodium unbinding from the cells |
| What are Class 1-C Sodium Channel Blockers use to treat? | life threatening V-tach, V-fib, and SVT unresponsive to other drugs |
| Two oral Class 1C sodium channel blockers that may cause new arrythmias are? | Tambocor and Rythmol |
| Class II antiarrythmics are also called what? | Beta Blockers |
| Suffix for beta blockers is? | -olol |
| Beta blockers are used to treat what? | heart failures |
| Acebutolol (Sectral) is given how? | PO |
| Acebutolol (Sectral) is given to treat what? | ventricular arrhythmias caused by exercise |
| Esmolol (Brevibloc) is given how? | IV |
| Esmolol (Brevibloc) is given for what? | • Usually given for SVT (supraventricular tachycardia)during anesthesia or surgery |
| Propranolol (Inderol) is given how? | PO and IV |
| PO Propranolol (Inderol) is given to prevent what? | ventricular arrhythmias caused by exercise |
| Propranolol (Inderol) would be given IV for what? | life-threatening arrhythmias |
| What will reverse an Inderal-induced bradychardial arrhythmia? | Atropine |
| Class III antiarrythmics are called what? | Potassium channel blockers |
| Class III Potassium Channel Blockers act how? | block the potassium responsible for re-polarization; it prolongs the “action potential” |
| Class III Potassium Channel Blockers are used for what? | V-tach, V-fib, and to convert A-fib or A-flutter to regular sinus rhythm |
| What is the major toxic reaction to Class III Potassium Channel Blockers? | torsades de pointe |
| Amiodarone (Cordarone) is what? | a Potassium channel bocker |
| Amiodarone (Cordarone) causes what? | liver damage |
| what must be instructed to avoid when taking Amiodarone (Cordarone)? | sunlight |
| Bretylium (Bretylol) is what? | a potassium channel blocker |
| Most common adverse effect to Bretylium (Bretylol) is what? | hypotension |
| What is Bretylium (Bretylol) used for? | used for PVC if lidocaine is not effective |
| Bretylium (Bretylol) is given how? | IV |
| dose patten for Bretylium (Bretylol) is what? | IV loading dose and follow it with a drip or maintenance dose |
| Ibutilide (Corvert) is what? | a potassium channel blocker |
| Sotalol (Betapace) is what? | a potassium channel blocker |
| what is the most common adverse effect of Sotalol (Betapace)? | bradycardia |
| Class 4 antiarrythmics are also called what? | Calcium Channel Blockers |
| Calcium Channel Blockers work by what action? | Slows conduction and Decreases the heart rate |
| Diltiazem (Cardizem) is what? | A calcium channel blocker |
| Diltiazem (Cardizem) is contraindicated in what? | digitalis toxicity |
| Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin) is what? | a calcium channel blocker |
| Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin) does what to the heart rate? | slows it down |
| what do you not use with Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin)? | Inderol |
| Asdenosine (Adenocard) is given how | IV Push |
| Asdenosine (Adenocard) is given IV Push over how long? | 1-2 seconds |
| why is Asdenosine (Adenocard) pushed so rapidly? | half life of only 1-2 seconds. |
| Asdenosine (Adenocard) can and will have what effect? | stop the heart for one to two seconds |
| Asdenosine (Adenocard) can but rarely causes what? | A-fib or bronchospasms |
| Use Asdenosine (Adenocard) with caution in patients with what? | asthma, existing AV block, and unstable angina |
| Phenytoin (Dilantin) is what? | anticonvulsive |
| Phenytoin (Dilantin) is used to treat what? | seizures and arrythmias caused by dig. |
| Side effects for Phenytoin (Dilantin) are what? | slurred speech, tremors, drowsiness, and confusion |
| What drug do you give for a brady-arrhythmia? | Atropine |
| What drug do you give for an atrial-fib? | Digoxin |
| Before giving any of the anti-arrhythmic drugs, always take the patient’s what? | pulse and blood pressure |
| define Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) | newest class of antihypertensive drugs which are as effective as ACE inhibitors in lowering arterial pressure and have a superior adverse effects profile |
| define Angiotensin II | ): The result of angiotensin I being converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme, Angiotensin II increases arterial pressure by constricting arterioles and enhancing the release of norepinephrine. Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to inc |
| define Angiotensin-1 (AT1) receptor | Sites which produce actions important for blood pressure regulation causing vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone |
| define Essential hypertension | Primary hypertension. Characterized by a slow, progressive elevation in blood pressure over several years; cause unknown. |
| define Preeclampsia | An acute form of hypertension occurring in pregnant women after 24 weeks of gestation and is characterized by proteinuria and edema |
| what is the Renin-angiotensin system? | The body’s system of regulating blood pressure by a chain of events involving releasing renin from the kidneys to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which increases arterial blood pressure by constrict |
| define Secondary hypertension | Hypertension related to underlying renal or endocrine cause; known causes include coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, etc. |
| define Resistant hypertension | Diastolic blood pressure readings consistently above 90 mm Hg while under treatment with antihypertensive drugs |
| define Refractory hypertension | Hypertension that fails to respond to therapy |
| define Malignant hypertension | Diastolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg associated with papilledema – a medical emergency |
| define Isolated systolic hypertension | Systolic blood pressure above 160 mm Hg in patients over the age of 60 |
| Complicated hypertension is what? | Arterial hypertension of any cause where there is evidence of cardiovascular damage related to blood pressure elevation |
| White coat hypertension is what? | Blood pressure that is elevated when taken by health care provider but normal when measured outside of the health care environment |
| hypertension is what? | systolic above 140 and diastolic above 90. |
| give four causes of Cause of secondary hypertension | Cushing’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus, pheochromocytoma, and a variety of drugs |
| what drugs can cause secondary hypertension? | nasal decongestants, oral contraceptives, sympathomimetics, antidepressants, erythropoietin |
| Hypertension is treated how? | steps. |
| what is changed first in treating hypertension? | lifestyle |
| Pts on hypertension therapy should monitor B/P how frequently? | weekly |
| If patients stop antihypertensive drugs suddenly – side effects are? | palpitations, sweating, headache, tremors, rebound hypertension |
| Usually the first drugs prescribed for hypertension are? | diuretics |
| most common diuretics used in hypertension are? | Thiazides |
| Beta Receptors are what? | special protein molecules located on the cell membrane |
| Beta-1 receptors are where? | Heart cells |
| Beta-2 receptors are where? | on the smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels and bronchi |
| • Beta receptors are stimulated by what? | epinephrine |
| What are sometimes first line drugs against hypertension other than diuretics? | Beta-Blocker |
| Patient responds better to beta blocker therapy if they have what? | high plasma renin levels |
| Usually who has higher renin levels? | younger people |
| Nonselective beta-blockers do what? | block both beta 1 and 2 |
| four nonselective beta blockers are what? | Corgard, Levatol, Viskin, Indural |
| Cardioselective beta-blockers are what? | selective action to block only beta-1 receptors |
| Cardioselective beta-blockers are used for treatment in what patients? | • They are used with patients with asthma and hypertension |
| 5 cardioselective beta blockers are what? | Sectral, Tenormin, Zebeta, Brevibloc, Lopressor |
| (ACE) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors block the formation of what? | angiotensin 2 |
| angiotensin II does what? | constricts blood vessels |
| What do you not give with ACE inhibiters | potassium suppliments |
| what can potassium suppliments given with ACE inhibitors cause? | hyperkalemia |
| • ACE inhibitors are good for what patients? | diabetics and patients with renal disorders |
| Why are ACE inhibitors good for diabetics and patients with renal disorders? | because they limit damage to the renal blood vessels |
| • On a first dose of ACE inhibitor instruct patients to do what? | lie down and drink lots of fluids. |
| ACE inhibitors are more effective in what population? | whites |
| Can you take an ACE inhibitor while pregnant? | no |
| Five ACE inhibitors are? | Lotensin, Capoten, Vasotec, Prinivel, Aceon |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers end in what suffix? | -sartan |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are less effective in what population? | african american |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers cause what? | vasodilation |
| can you take Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers while pregnant? | no |
| two side effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are? | Dizzyness, hypotension |
| Calcium channel blockers do what? | • Decrease the entry of calcium into smooth muscle |
| Monitor what when giving Calcium channel blockers? | Heart rate |
| report a heart rate of what when giving a calcium channel blocker | <60 |
| Who responds well to calcium channel blockers? | older people and african americans |
| six calcium channel blockers are? | Norvasc, Cardizem, Plendil, Cardene, Procardia, Calan |
| Centrally Acting Antihypertensives work how? | Act on the central nervous system to decrease the activity of the sympathetic nervous system |
| Catapres is what? | a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives |
| Aldamat is what? | a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives |
| Wytensin is what? | a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives |
| Tenex is what? | a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives |
| Catapres is used with what condition? | nicoteine withdrawl |
| catapres blocks what? | apha 1 and 2 |
| aldamat blocks what? | alpha 1 and 2 |
| Wytensin blocks what? | alpha 2 |
| Tenex block what? | alpha 2 |
| Direct acting vasodilators are used for what? | Hypertensive crises |
| What is hyperstat? | Direct acting vasodilator |
| What is IV Vasotec | Direct acting vasodilator |
| What is apresoline? | Direct acting vasodilator |
| What is Nipride? | Direct acting vasodilator |
| What drug used to be used for hypertensive crises but manufacturer doesnt like it used for that anymore? | procardia |
| how is procardia used for hypertensive crisis? | tablet is punctured with a needle and squirt under the tounge |
| after administering procardia for hypertensive crisis what intervention is next? | monitor b/p for 3 or 4 hours afterword until stable |
| Monoxodil action is what? | Alters the movement of calcium into the smooth muscle cells |
| Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents act how? | • Interfere with storage and release of norepinephrine from sympatic nerve endings |
| Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents are always used with what type of drugs? | diuretics |
| why are Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents used with diuretics? | because they cause fluid retention |
| Reserpine is what? | Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents |
| Harmonyl is what? | Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents |
| Raudixin is what? | Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents |
| Beta (B) cells in the pancreas do what? | synthesize and release insulin |
| alpha cells of prancrease release what? | glucagon |
| define impaired fasting glucose. | Defined as fasting glucose levels above 110 mg/dL but below 126 mg/dL. |
| define Impaired glucose tolerance. | Defined as fasting glucose levels above 110 mg/dL but below 140 mg/dL. |
| define Lipoatrophy. | ): In reference to diabetes, atrophy (or destruction) of subcutaneous fat near injection sites |
| define Nephropathy | Loss of feeling in the limbs or other parts of the body |
| What is Retinopathy? | Retinal hemorrhages that destroy sight |
| what does regular insulin look like? | clear |
| what is the only insulin that can be given IV? | regular |
| Regular insulin given how long before eating? | 15 to 30 minutes |
| regular insulin is also known as what? | short acting. |
| what does NPH insulin look like? | cloudy |
| when mixing regular and NPH which is drawn first? | regular |
| NPH insulin is also known as what? | intermediate acting |
| When do you give NPH insulin before eating? | 30-60 minutes |
| Lispro (humalog) is what? | rapid or ultra-short acting insulin |
| aspart (novolog) is what? | rapid or ultra-short acting insulin |
| rapid or ultra-short acting insulin onset? | 15 minutes |
| rapid or ultra-short acting insulin peak? | 30-90 minutes |
| rapid or ultra-short acting insulin duration? | 2-4 hours |
| Regular Iletin II is what? | short acting pork insulin |
| Regular insulin is what? | short acting pork insulin |
| Numulin R is what? | short acting human insulin |
| Novolin R is what? | short acting human insulin |
| Vesulosin is what? | Short acting buffered human insulin. |
| short acting insulin onset? | 30-60min |
| short acting insulin peak? | 2-4 hours |
| short acting insulin duration? | 5-7 hours |
| NPH Iletin II is what? | Intermediate acting pork insulin. |
| NPH Purified Insulin is what? | intermediate acting pork insulin |
| Lente is what? | intermediate acting pork zinc suspension insulin |
| Lente Iletin II is what? | intermediate acting pork zinc suspension insulin |
| Humulin L is what? | intermediate acting human zinc suspension insulin |
| Novolin L is what? | intermediate acting human zinc suspension insulin |
| Intermediate acting insulin onset? | 2-4 hours |
| Intermediate acting insulin peak? | 6-12 hours |
| Intermediate acting insulin duraiton? | 18-28 hours |
| Humulin U is what? | long acting human insulin |
| Lantus is what? | long acting insulin |
| Long acting insulin onset? | 4-6 hours |
| Long acting insulin peak? | 18-24 hours |
| Long acting insulin duration? | 36 hours |
| premixed combination insulins contain what? | human insulin/isophane |
| combination insulin onset? | 30 min |
| combination insulin peak? | 4-8 hours |
| combination insulin duration? | 24 hours |
| sulfonylureas are what? | oral antidiabetics |
| most common side effect of oral antidiabetics? | hypoglycemia |
| oral antidiabetic action? | stimulate pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin |
| sulfonylureas (oral antidiabetics) when combined with alcohol will produce what? | an antibuse effect |
| why do you not mix beta blockers and oral antidiabetics? | will increase the blood sugar and the beta blockers maks the signs and symptoms of hypoglycema |
| Diabinase is what? | First generation sulfonylureas |
| Tolinase is what? | First generation sulfonylureas |
| Orinase is what? | First generation sulfonylureas |
| Amaryl is what? | Second generation sulfonylureas |
| what is the difference between First generation sulfonylureas and Second generation sulfonylureas? | Second generation is more potent |
| Glucotrol is what? | Second generation sulfonylureas |
| Glyburide is what? | Second generation sulfonylureas |
| Starlix is what? | Sulfonylurea-like drug |
| Prandin is what? | Sulfonylurea-like drug |
| Precose is what? | Starch blocker |
| Glyset is what? | Starch blocker |
| Glucophage, Precose, and Glyset action? | Increase the insulin sensitivity and Increase the hepatic production of glucose |
| Glucophage, Precose, and Glyset are not indicated for who? | normal weight folk. |
| Actos and Avandia can cause what? | fluid retention |
| What do you watch for when giving Actos and Avandia? | CHF |
| Actos and Avandia act how? | increase insulin potency |
| Dopamine is used for what? | Treat hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock |
| Dobutamine action how? | Increase the force of contractions of heart and blood supply to vital organs |
| Dobutamine used to treat what? | Used to treat cardiogenic shock |
| Adrenalin (Epinephrine) treatment for what? | cardiac arrest |
