Stack #17895

Question	Answer
Afterload	Resistance against which the heart must pump
Aldosterone	Steroid that causes kidneys to retain sodium and water increasing BP
Angiotensin 2	Constricts arterioles
Angiotension Converting Enzyme (ACE)	converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
AV Node	transmits pulse from atria to ventricles
Automaticity	ability of the heart to create its own electrical activity
Chronotropic	rate of heart contractions
Contractility	Strength of muscular contraction of heart
Inotropy	Contractility
Digitalization	Cardiac Glycoside loading dose
Pacemakers	cells of the SA node
Preload	amount of blood contained in ventricles before contraction
Renin	released by the kidneys, converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1
SA node	cells in the right atrium that begins contraction of cardiac muscle
Ventricular hypertrophy	enlargement of the ventricles caused by chronic demands for increased output
Cardioglycoside uses?	increases force of heart contraction; Decrease rate of contraction; Decrease speed of conduction
Digoxin therapuetic level?	0.5-2.0 mg/ml
most common cause of dig toxicty?	improper dose; concurrent diuretic therapy.
What is one reason to lower dosage of dig?	kidney failure
what is usual daily maintenence dose of dig?	0.125-0.25mg
What is PO onset time for dig?	30min - 2hr
What is IV onset time for digoxin?	10-30min
what else is needed if patient is on IV digoxin?	cardiac monitor
dig loading dose?	0.75-1.0mg in divided doses 6-8 hrs apart over a 24 hour period PO; then once daily to maintain.
What do you do before ever administering digoxin?	check pulse for 60 full seconds
when do you not give digoxin?	if heartrate is below 60
What is contraindicated with digoxin?	antacids
what do you do with a missed dose?	take as soon as possible, no doubling doses.
digoxin contraindicated in which three complications?	severe myocarditis, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricle fibrilation.
use digoxin with caution with what condition?	MI; heart block; renal impairment
six factors contributing to digoxin toxicity?	Large Doses; Impaired renal function; Age (very young or very old); electrolyte imbalances; Hypothyroidism; High fiber meals
3 early s/s of digoxin toxicity	anorexia; nausea; confusion
2 late s/s of digoxin toxicity	visual problems, heart rate or rythm changes
what do you do if suspected digoxin toxicity?	DC and give antidote
what is the antidote for digoxin toxicity?	Digibind
antidote will start working when?	within 30min
What drug do you give to treat digitalis induced bradycardia	atropine
3 electrolyte imbalances that put pts at risk for digoxin tox?	Hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagesium
ACE inhibitors are used for what?	Hypertension
ACE inhibitors are first line drugs for what?	Heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction
ACE inhibitors decrease what two things in the heart?	preload and afterload
After first dose of ACE inhibitor what do you instruct and why?	Tell pt to lay down for a couple of hours due to excessive hypotension.
what is major side effect for ace inhibitors	cough
ACE inhibitors can cause an increase in what	Potassium
What do you not give with ACE inhibitors?	Potassium suppliments
Generic names for ace inhibitors end in what?	'pril
What is the prototype ace inhibitor	Captopril (Capoten)
Lotensin is what type of drug	ace inhibitor
Vasotec is what type of drug	ace inhibitor
Nonopril is what type of drug	ace inhibitor
Prinoval (Zestril) is what type of drug	ace inhibitor
Aceon is what type of drug	Ace inhibitor
Accupril is what type of drug	Ace inhibitor
Altace is what type of drug	ace inhibitor
Mavik is what type of drug	ace inhibitor
list 8 ace inhibitors	Captopril, Lotensin, Vasotec, nonopril, Prinival (zestril), Aceon, Accupril, Altace, Mavik
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors are what?	peripheral vasodilators
what is the main purpose for a Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors?	increase cardiac output
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors decrease what?	Ventricular afterload
Use Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in what situation?	short term for severe heart failure not controlled by digoxin
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors can increase the rate of what?	heart arrythmias
Need to be alert for what when giving Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors?	severe HYPOtension
give two Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor examples.	Inocor and primacor
how are inocor and primacor administered?	IV bolus and continuous drip
three adverse side effects with Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	thrombocytopenia, N/V, abdominal pain
what is used to control edema associated with CHF	diuretics
vasodilators will decrease what?	afterload
Angina pectoris	ischemia of the heart
Ready to give up?	Never!!!!!
Classic angina	AKA: stable angina or exertional angina. just what the name implys
Levines sign?	clenched fist placed over sternum when having chest pain.
unstable angina	): Angina that has a changing intensity and seems to involve rupture of atherosclerotic plaques with accompanying formation of thrombi. It comes at decreasing levels of exertion and often at rest.
pts with unstable angina are most likely to have what?	a big MI
Prinzmetal's angina	AKA: variant angina; A form of angina caused by spasms of the large coronary arteries during which blood flow through the constricted arteriole is reduced. It has no relationship to exercise
Prinzmetals angina or variant angina occurs more frequently when?	the morning.
Organic Nitrovasodilators do what?	produce vasodilation
what do you always check before giving Organic Nitrovasodilators?	blood pressure
What is most common Organic Nitrovasodilator side effect	hypotension
what are some less common Organic Nitrovasodilator side effects?	headache and flushing that will disapear after a few days
Isordil is what?	a Organic Nitrovasodilator
Ismo is what type of drug?	Organic Nitrovasodilator
what is the prototype Organic Nitrovasodilator drug?	nitrogylcerine
give three Organic Nitrovasodilators	nitroglycerine; Isordil; Ismo
how can Organic Nitrovasodilators be used?	prophylactically or acute episodes
how is nitroglycerine adminstered?	sublingual
how often is nitro administered?	q 5 mins x3
the spray nitro goes where?	also sublingual
how else can nitro be administered?	patch
do you ever use your fingers on the nitro patch?	nope use the papers it come with.
what do you want to do to nitro patch sites	rotate 'em
do you put the nitro patch on dry, cracked, or hairy skin?	noper
what do you do to the nitro patch at night?	remove it
can you wear the nitro patch in the water?	sure can.
Can nitro be given IV?	you betcha
what are some reasons for nitro given IV?	emergency control of BP, and relief from chest pain.
if using nitro drip to control bp, how do you do it?	titrate up until patient has loss of chest pain or untill loss of systolic bp of 20
what do you mix nitro drip in ?	glass bottle
why do you use a glass bottle and plastic tubing when giving nitro drip?	plastic absorbs the drug
how often do you replace a nitro drip set?	q24H
If pt has other iv lines, where do you put the nitro drip?	in a seperate site.
What do you not do after taking nitro?	smoke
store the nitro tablets where?	cool dry dark place
nitro pills good for how long after opening	6 months
What can't someone do after taking nitro?	Smoke
what effect does aspirin provide?	antiplatelet
What is the dosage for the antiplatelet effect of aspirin?	81-325mg
Antilipidemics do what?	decrease serum cholesterol
antihypertensives do what?	lower blood pressure
what do beta blockers do?	decrease heart rate and BP therby decreasing cardiac workload and oxygen demand.
what are beta blockers used for?	Long term management of severe angina attacks
beta blockers are contraindicated when?	bradyarrythmias and heart block
What is the action of calcium channel blockers?	dilate the coronary and peripheral arteries to decrease cardiac workload
monitor what four things when giving calcium channel blockers?	blood pressure, pulse, I&O and weight
The four symptoms watched for when giving calcium channel blockers are indicitive of what condition?	fluid retention
What is viagra?	a vasodilator
what is viagra used for?	erectile dysfunction
What will viagra and the ingestion of nitrates cause	MI
what does Nitropress do?	dilates the arterial and venus smooth muscles
what route is Nitropress given?	IV only
You want to protect the NItropress container from what?	Light
Nitropress will decrease what?	B/P
How fast will nitropress decrease B/P	extremely rapidly
what do you monitor when giving Nitropress	B/P
When is hyperstat given?	hypertensive emergencies
How is hyperstat administered	IV
Rogaine is used for what?	Long term management of hypertension
what is one side effect of rogaine	hair growth
two drugs used in conjunction with other drugs to treat hypertension are what?	rogaine and apresoline
define action potential.	The opening and closing of different ion channels in cardiac muscle cells which allows sodium and calcium to move into cells triggering contraction of the muscles.
What is an arrythmia?	changes from the normal pattern of heart beat
define atrial flutter.	A very rapid, rhythmic pattern of contractions
what is an ectopic pacemaker?	Abnormal pacemakers that may develop when the heart is damaged or diseased or after treatment with certain drugs
What drugs can cause an ectopic pacemaker?	digoxin or high doses of catecholamines
define Paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia	A rapid rhythm that begins abruptly with a premature atrial or junctional beat.
define a Premature ventricular contractions	An arrhythmia in which the ECG pattern shows a normal pattern of P followed by QRS, then an abnormal QRS that does not follow a P wave
what is a proarrythmia?	The effect of causing very serious arrhythmias from drugs that were supposed to prevent serious arrhythmias
what class of drugs can cause a proarrythmia?	Class 1 antiarrythmatic drugs
what drugs can cause a proarrythmia?	Flecainide and moricizine
define the Refractory period	The period of inexcitability in which cells cannot cause another action potential because the channels have not reset.
define Slow response tissue.	Tissue of the AV and SA nodes which have only the slow calcium channels operating in their cells.
what is a Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia?	Arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles and involve a high atrial rate
give some examples of a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.	artrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia
what is Torsades de pointes?	A potentially deadly arrhythmia consisting of ventricular tachycardia at rates so fast that the blood pressure falls sharply, resulting in fainting. They may progress to ventricular fibrillation.
What can Torsades de pointes turn into?	Ventricular fibrilation
what can cause Torsades de pointes to turn into V-fib?	potassium channel blockers
what is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?	An anatomically defined arrhythmia in which impulses pass through a physical connection other than the AV node; this faster accessory pathway along with the slower AV node causes a premature beat. May be caused by “reentry”.
give 7 s/s of cardiac arrythmia	chest pain, dizzyness, syncope, diaphoresis, palpitaitons, SOB, Confusion
what are four possible causes for reccurent arrythmias?	excess sodium, caffeine, nicoteine, Alchohol use
What does the drug class of antiarrythmic drugs signifiy?	the rate the drug molecules unbind with the sodium channels
Class I antiarrythmics are also called what?	sodium channel blockers
Sodium channel blockers are used to treat what?	PVC, SVT, V-Tach, and prevention of V-fib
what are sodium channel blockers mainly used for today?	prevention of life threatening ventricular arrythmias
sodium channel blockers do what?	prevent the absorption of sodium by the cells.
what is the major effect of sodium channel blockers?	slow the rate of conduction of the cardiac impulse through atrial and ventricular muscles
there are how many subclasses of class 1 antiarrythmics?	3
Most class 1 antiarrythmics are given how	PO
what is the one sodium channel blocker that is not given PO?	lidocane
why is lidocaine not given PO?	absorbed to rapidly
What is the prototype for class 1 anytiarrythics?	Quinidine
Quinidine does what?	maintains sinus rythm
give 3 adverse affects of Quinidine	stomach pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea
what is Porcainamide?	Class 1 antiarrythmic
what is Porcainamide used for?	prevent the recurrence of atrial fibrillation
Give two drugs that are Procainamide.	Pronestyl and Procanbid
What is one major side effect to Procainamide?	a sydrome resembling lupus
What is Porcainamide similar to?	Similar in action and use to Quinidine
What is an adverse effect of Norpace?	anticholenergic effect.
Class 1B antiarrythmics have a fast rate of what?	unbinding of sodium
Class 1-B Sodium Channel Blockers are used to treat what?	PVCs, V-tach, and to prevent V-fib
What is the prototype for Class 1-B Sodium Channel Blockers?	Lidocaine
Lidocaine used to be the drug of choice for what?	ventricular arrhythmias
What do you need to figure out about lidocaine by looking on the label?	what it is used for: cardiac arrythmias or local anesthesia
What is the pattern of dosage for lidocaine IV thearpy?	• Start with a bolus injection of 50-100 mg over 2 minutes. Then a continuous infusion of 1-4 mg/min
Use lidocaine with caution in what kind of patients?	liver disease patients
Give seven adverse effects of lidocaine.	Dizzyness, nervousness, drowziness, muscle twitching, confusion, disorientation and seizures
What is Mexitil similar to?	lidocaine
how is Mexitil given?	PO
What is Tonocord similar to?	lidocaine
how is Tonocord given?	PO
What does a patient taking Tonocord need to do?	set alarm clock to dosages, must stay steady in system
Class 1-C Sodium Channel Blockers do what?	slow rate of sodium unbinding from the cells
What are Class 1-C Sodium Channel Blockers use to treat?	life threatening V-tach, V-fib, and SVT unresponsive to other drugs
Two oral Class 1C sodium channel blockers that may cause new arrythmias are?	Tambocor and Rythmol
Class II antiarrythmics are also called what?	Beta Blockers
Suffix for beta blockers is?	-olol
Beta blockers are used to treat what?	heart failures
Acebutolol (Sectral) is given how?	PO
Acebutolol (Sectral) is given to treat what?	ventricular arrhythmias caused by exercise
Esmolol (Brevibloc) is given how?	IV
Esmolol (Brevibloc) is given for what?	• Usually given for SVT (supraventricular tachycardia)during anesthesia or surgery
Propranolol (Inderol) is given how?	PO and IV
PO Propranolol (Inderol) is given to prevent what?	ventricular arrhythmias caused by exercise
Propranolol (Inderol) would be given IV for what?	life-threatening arrhythmias
What will reverse an Inderal-induced bradychardial arrhythmia?	Atropine
Class III antiarrythmics are called what?	Potassium channel blockers
Class III Potassium Channel Blockers act how?	block the potassium responsible for re-polarization; it prolongs the “action potential”
Class III Potassium Channel Blockers are used for what?	V-tach, V-fib, and to convert A-fib or A-flutter to regular sinus rhythm
What is the major toxic reaction to Class III Potassium Channel Blockers?	torsades de pointe
Amiodarone (Cordarone) is what?	a Potassium channel bocker
Amiodarone (Cordarone) causes what?	liver damage
what must be instructed to avoid when taking Amiodarone (Cordarone)?	sunlight
Bretylium (Bretylol) is what?	a potassium channel blocker
Most common adverse effect to Bretylium (Bretylol) is what?	hypotension
What is Bretylium (Bretylol) used for?	used for PVC if lidocaine is not effective
Bretylium (Bretylol) is given how?	IV
dose patten for Bretylium (Bretylol) is what?	IV loading dose and follow it with a drip or maintenance dose
Ibutilide (Corvert) is what?	a potassium channel blocker
Sotalol (Betapace) is what?	a potassium channel blocker
what is the most common adverse effect of Sotalol (Betapace)?	bradycardia
Class 4 antiarrythmics are also called what?	Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers work by what action?	Slows conduction and Decreases the heart rate
Diltiazem (Cardizem) is what?	A calcium channel blocker
Diltiazem (Cardizem) is contraindicated in what?	digitalis toxicity
Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin) is what?	a calcium channel blocker
Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin) does what to the heart rate?	slows it down
what do you not use with Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin)?	Inderol
Asdenosine (Adenocard) is given how	IV Push
Asdenosine (Adenocard) is given IV Push over how long?	1-2 seconds
why is Asdenosine (Adenocard) pushed so rapidly?	half life of only 1-2 seconds.
Asdenosine (Adenocard) can and will have what effect?	stop the heart for one to two seconds
Asdenosine (Adenocard) can but rarely causes what?	A-fib or bronchospasms
Use Asdenosine (Adenocard) with caution in patients with what?	asthma, existing AV block, and unstable angina
Phenytoin (Dilantin) is what?	anticonvulsive
Phenytoin (Dilantin) is used to treat what?	seizures and arrythmias caused by dig.
Side effects for Phenytoin (Dilantin) are what?	slurred speech, tremors, drowsiness, and confusion
What drug do you give for a brady-arrhythmia?	Atropine
What drug do you give for an atrial-fib?	Digoxin
Before giving any of the anti-arrhythmic drugs, always take the patient’s what?	pulse and blood pressure
define Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs)	newest class of antihypertensive drugs which are as effective as ACE inhibitors in lowering arterial pressure and have a superior adverse effects profile
define Angiotensin II	): The result of angiotensin I being converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme, Angiotensin II increases arterial pressure by constricting arterioles and enhancing the release of norepinephrine. Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to inc
define Angiotensin-1 (AT1) receptor	Sites which produce actions important for blood pressure regulation causing vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone
define Essential hypertension	Primary hypertension. Characterized by a slow, progressive elevation in blood pressure over several years; cause unknown.
define Preeclampsia	An acute form of hypertension occurring in pregnant women after 24 weeks of gestation and is characterized by proteinuria and edema
what is the Renin-angiotensin system?	The body’s system of regulating blood pressure by a chain of events involving releasing renin from the kidneys to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which increases arterial blood pressure by constrict
define Secondary hypertension	Hypertension related to underlying renal or endocrine cause; known causes include coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, etc.
define Resistant hypertension	Diastolic blood pressure readings consistently above 90 mm Hg while under treatment with antihypertensive drugs
define Refractory hypertension	Hypertension that fails to respond to therapy
define Malignant hypertension	Diastolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg associated with papilledema – a medical emergency
define Isolated systolic hypertension	Systolic blood pressure above 160 mm Hg in patients over the age of 60
Complicated hypertension is what?	Arterial hypertension of any cause where there is evidence of cardiovascular damage related to blood pressure elevation
White coat hypertension is what?	Blood pressure that is elevated when taken by health care provider but normal when measured outside of the health care environment
hypertension is what?	systolic above 140 and diastolic above 90.
give four causes of Cause of secondary hypertension	Cushing’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus, pheochromocytoma, and a variety of drugs
what drugs can cause secondary hypertension?	nasal decongestants, oral contraceptives, sympathomimetics, antidepressants, erythropoietin
Hypertension is treated how?	steps.
what is changed first in treating hypertension?	lifestyle
Pts on hypertension therapy should monitor B/P how frequently?	weekly
If patients stop antihypertensive drugs suddenly – side effects are?	palpitations, sweating, headache, tremors, rebound hypertension
Usually the first drugs prescribed for hypertension are?	diuretics
most common diuretics used in hypertension are?	Thiazides
Beta Receptors are what?	special protein molecules located on the cell membrane
Beta-1 receptors are where?	Heart cells
Beta-2 receptors are where?	on the smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels and bronchi
• Beta receptors are stimulated by what?	epinephrine
What are sometimes first line drugs against hypertension other than diuretics?	Beta-Blocker
Patient responds better to beta blocker therapy if they have what?	high plasma renin levels
Usually who has higher renin levels?	younger people
Nonselective beta-blockers do what?	block both beta 1 and 2
four nonselective beta blockers are what?	Corgard, Levatol, Viskin, Indural
Cardioselective beta-blockers are what?	selective action to block only beta-1 receptors
Cardioselective beta-blockers are used for treatment in what patients?	• They are used with patients with asthma and hypertension
5 cardioselective beta blockers are what?	Sectral, Tenormin, Zebeta, Brevibloc, Lopressor
(ACE) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors block the formation of what?	angiotensin 2
angiotensin II does what?	constricts blood vessels
What do you not give with ACE inhibiters	potassium suppliments
what can potassium suppliments given with ACE inhibitors cause?	hyperkalemia
• ACE inhibitors are good for what patients?	diabetics and patients with renal disorders
Why are ACE inhibitors good for diabetics and patients with renal disorders?	because they limit damage to the renal blood vessels
• On a first dose of ACE inhibitor instruct patients to do what?	lie down and drink lots of fluids.
ACE inhibitors are more effective in what population?	whites
Can you take an ACE inhibitor while pregnant?	no
Five ACE inhibitors are?	Lotensin, Capoten, Vasotec, Prinivel, Aceon
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers end in what suffix?	-sartan
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are less effective in what population?	african american
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers cause what?	vasodilation
can you take Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers while pregnant?	no
two side effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are?	Dizzyness, hypotension
Calcium channel blockers do what?	• Decrease the entry of calcium into smooth muscle
Monitor what when giving Calcium channel blockers?	Heart rate
report a heart rate of what when giving a calcium channel blocker	<60
Who responds well to calcium channel blockers?	older people and african americans
six calcium channel blockers are?	Norvasc, Cardizem, Plendil, Cardene, Procardia, Calan
Centrally Acting Antihypertensives work how?	Act on the central nervous system to decrease the activity of the sympathetic nervous system
Catapres is what?	a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives
Aldamat is what?	a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives
Wytensin is what?	a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives
Tenex is what?	a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives
Catapres is used with what condition?	nicoteine withdrawl
catapres blocks what?	apha 1 and 2
aldamat blocks what?	alpha 1 and 2
Wytensin blocks what?	alpha 2
Tenex block what?	alpha 2
Direct acting vasodilators are used for what?	Hypertensive crises
What is hyperstat?	Direct acting vasodilator
What is IV Vasotec	Direct acting vasodilator
What is apresoline?	Direct acting vasodilator
What is Nipride?	Direct acting vasodilator
What drug used to be used for hypertensive crises but manufacturer doesnt like it used for that anymore?	procardia
how is procardia used for hypertensive crisis?	tablet is punctured with a needle and squirt under the tounge
after administering procardia for hypertensive crisis what intervention is next?	monitor b/p for 3 or 4 hours afterword until stable
Monoxodil action is what?	Alters the movement of calcium into the smooth muscle cells
Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents act how?	• Interfere with storage and release of norepinephrine from sympatic nerve endings
Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents are always used with what type of drugs?	diuretics
why are Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents used with diuretics?	because they cause fluid retention
Reserpine is what?	Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents
Harmonyl is what?	Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents
Raudixin is what?	Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents
Beta (B) cells in the pancreas do what?	synthesize and release insulin
alpha cells of prancrease release what?	glucagon
define impaired fasting glucose.	Defined as fasting glucose levels above 110 mg/dL but below 126 mg/dL.
define Impaired glucose tolerance.	Defined as fasting glucose levels above 110 mg/dL but below 140 mg/dL.
define Lipoatrophy.	): In reference to diabetes, atrophy (or destruction) of subcutaneous fat near injection sites
define Nephropathy	Loss of feeling in the limbs or other parts of the body
What is Retinopathy?	Retinal hemorrhages that destroy sight
what does regular insulin look like?	clear
what is the only insulin that can be given IV?	regular
Regular insulin given how long before eating?	15 to 30 minutes
regular insulin is also known as what?	short acting.
what does NPH insulin look like?	cloudy
when mixing regular and NPH which is drawn first?	regular
NPH insulin is also known as what?	intermediate acting
When do you give NPH insulin before eating?	30-60 minutes
Lispro (humalog) is what?	rapid or ultra-short acting insulin
aspart (novolog) is what?	rapid or ultra-short acting insulin
rapid or ultra-short acting insulin onset?	15 minutes
rapid or ultra-short acting insulin peak?	30-90 minutes
rapid or ultra-short acting insulin duration?	2-4 hours
Regular Iletin II is what?	short acting pork insulin
Regular insulin is what?	short acting pork insulin
Numulin R is what?	short acting human insulin
Novolin R is what?	short acting human insulin
Vesulosin is what?	Short acting buffered human insulin.
short acting insulin onset?	30-60min
short acting insulin peak?	2-4 hours
short acting insulin duration?	5-7 hours
NPH Iletin II is what?	Intermediate acting pork insulin.
NPH Purified Insulin is what?	intermediate acting pork insulin
Lente is what?	intermediate acting pork zinc suspension insulin
Lente Iletin II is what?	intermediate acting pork zinc suspension insulin
Humulin L is what?	intermediate acting human zinc suspension insulin
Novolin L is what?	intermediate acting human zinc suspension insulin
Intermediate acting insulin onset?	2-4 hours
Intermediate acting insulin peak?	6-12 hours
Intermediate acting insulin duraiton?	18-28 hours
Humulin U is what?	long acting human insulin
Lantus is what?	long acting insulin
Long acting insulin onset?	4-6 hours
Long acting insulin peak?	18-24 hours
Long acting insulin duration?	36 hours
premixed combination insulins contain what?	human insulin/isophane
combination insulin onset?	30 min
combination insulin peak?	4-8 hours
combination insulin duration?	24 hours
sulfonylureas are what?	oral antidiabetics
most common side effect of oral antidiabetics?	hypoglycemia
oral antidiabetic action?	stimulate pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin
sulfonylureas (oral antidiabetics) when combined with alcohol will produce what?	an antibuse effect
why do you not mix beta blockers and oral antidiabetics?	will increase the blood sugar and the beta blockers maks the signs and symptoms of hypoglycema
Diabinase is what?	First generation sulfonylureas
Tolinase is what?	First generation sulfonylureas
Orinase is what?	First generation sulfonylureas
Amaryl is what?	Second generation sulfonylureas
what is the difference between First generation sulfonylureas and Second generation sulfonylureas?	Second generation is more potent
Glucotrol is what?	Second generation sulfonylureas
Glyburide is what?	Second generation sulfonylureas
Starlix is what?	Sulfonylurea-like drug
Prandin is what?	Sulfonylurea-like drug
Precose is what?	Starch blocker
Glyset is what?	Starch blocker
Glucophage, Precose, and Glyset action?	Increase the insulin sensitivity and Increase the hepatic production of glucose
Glucophage, Precose, and Glyset are not indicated for who?	normal weight folk.
Actos and Avandia can cause what?	fluid retention
What do you watch for when giving Actos and Avandia?	CHF
Actos and Avandia act how?	increase insulin potency
Dopamine is used for what?	Treat hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock
Dobutamine action how?	Increase the force of contractions of heart and blood supply to vital organs
Dobutamine used to treat what?	Used to treat cardiogenic shock
Adrenalin (Epinephrine) treatment for what?	cardiac arrest

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