Term | Definition |
Feeds | What are analyzed for nutrient composition and nutrient composition values for common feeds? |
energy, protein, and mineral content | What do most feed tables report values of? |
Total digestible nutrients (TND) | what does determining mount of crude protein, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and fat derive? |
Gross energy | What is determined from burning a feed sample to release and quantify the energy content? |
Fecal energy | energy not taken into the body |
Heat Increment | heat lost from the meal |
Crude Protein (CP) Content | estimate of total protein in feed |
53%C,7%H,23%O,16%N,and <1% S or P | What does the average protein contain? |
quality and quantity of amino acids that make up the protein | What is the true indicator of a nutritionally adequate diet? |
It allows conversion of its nutrient content from as-fed basis to dry-matter basis and vice versa which helps balance diets for different nutrients | Why is knowing the amount of moisture in a feed important? |
Roughages | low in TDN and high in fiber (>18% CF) |
Concentrates | high in TDN and low in fiber (</=18% CF) |
Roughages | What consists primarily of forages (such as hays and silages) and fibrous portions of plants whose seeds are concentrates (such as corn cobs, oat hulls)? |
Legumes | What are higher in protein and calcium than grasses? |
Concentrates | What consists primarily of seeds of plants and animal products? |
Grains | high in TDN, low in protein, most of them are palatable;include corn, oats,wheat,and rice |
Grain by-products | tend to be higher in protein than whole grains |
Fats and Oils | also known as lipids; used most often in diets for fast growing or high performance animals;includes animal fats and plant oils |
Plant proteins | important ones are soybean meal, cottonseed meal and flaxseed meal; oil is extracted from these seeds for human use |
Animal proteins | important ones are meat and bone meal, dried milk products, fish meal;high in protein, medium in TDN, and low in fiber |
Mineral Supplements | Ca source only - ground limestone, oyster shells;Ca and P sources, bone meal; salt-supplying NaCl; trace minerals-trace mineral premix formulated for each specific species of animals |
Vitamin supplements | generally available as vitamin premixes or incorporated into complete supplements that include minerals as well |
Additives | includes antibiotics or other medications(fight diseases),feed intake regulators, flavoring agents, probiotics, prebiotics, growth modifiers, functional foods etc.; usually have no nutrient value but can influence nutrient utilizaiton and growth rate |
Abomasum | true glandular stomach in the ruminant |
Ad libitum | having fed available at all times |
Ash | incombustible residue remaining after complete combustion at 500-600 degrees C of a sample, such as feed, animal tissue, or excreta, to remove the organic matter; considered to be mineral matter of feed |
Bolus | a rounded mass that is ready to swallow; on the ruminant, a bolus may stay intact and be regurgitated to be remasticated during rumination |
Carbohydrates | chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that can be hydrolyzed to them |
Carnivore | animals that eat meat |
Cellulose | carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose molecules that forms the support structure of plants |
Chyme | mixture of food, saliva, and gastric secretions as it is ready to leave the stomach and move into the duodenum |
Coprophagy | eating feces |
Creep | area where young nursing animals can have access to starter feeds; creep feeds are generally high-quality feds made available to young animals |
Crude Fiber | in proximate analysis, the insoluble carbohydrates remaining in a feed after boiling in acid and alkali |
Crude protein | estimate of protein content obtained by multiplying the nitrogen content of a substance by a factor, usually 6.25; both true protein and nonprotein nitrogen is included in the calculation |
Deglutition | act of swallowing; passing material from mouth through the esophagus to the stomach or first fermentation compartment |
Diet | all of the feeds consumed by an animal (including water) |
Digestibility | measure of the degree to which a feedstuff can be chemically simplified and absorbed by the digestive system of the body |
Digestion | physical, chemical, and enzymatic means the body uses to render a feedstuff ready for absorption |
Dry Matter | everything in a feed other than water |
Enzymes | proteins capable of catalyzing reactions associated with a specific substrate |
Eructation | belching; removing gas from rumen via esophagus |
Ether extract | portion of a sample that is removed by extraction with a fat solvent such as ethyl ether |
Feed efficiency | product (grain, milk, eggs, and so on) per unit of feed |
Forage | fiber-containing feeds like grass or hay; can be grazed or harvested for feeding; contain at least 18% fiber but have high digestible energy |
Growth | process of adding tissues similar to those already present in the body to increase the size of an organism toward the goal of maturity when growth stops |
Herbivore | animals that eat diet of only plant material |
Lignin | polymers of phenolic acids found in plants as part of the structural components of the plant |
Maintenance | nutritional needs of the animal exclusive of those required for a productive function such as growth, work, milk production, and so on |
Mastication | process of chewing |
Minerals | in nutrition, specific set of inorganic elements established as necessary for life in one or more animal species |
Monogastric | having only one stomach |
Nitrogen-free extract | (NFE) measure of readily available carbohydrates calculated by subtracting all measured proximate components from 100 |
Nutrient | chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body |
Omnivore | animals that eat both plant and animal based foods |
Peristalsis | progressive, squeezing movements produced by contraction of muscle fibers in the wall of the digestive tract |
Protein quality | measure of the presence and digestibility of the essential amino acids in a feedstuff |
Ration | specific feed allotment given to an animal in a 24-hour period |
Roughage | a bulky feedstuff with low weight per unit volume; contains at least 18% fiber but can range up to 50%; less digestible than forages |
Ruminant | hooved animals that have a rumen and chew their cud |
Rumination | process in ruminants where a cud or bolus of rumen contents is regurgitated, remasticatedm and reswallowed for further digestion |
Salivation | elaboration of the mixed secretion (saliva) produced primarily in three bilateral pairs of glands in the mouth known as salivary glands |
Symbiosis | relationship in which two dissimilar organisms live together or in close association |
Vitamin | term that is used to group together a dissimilar set of organic substances required in very small quantities by the body |
Work | physical exertion as a production function |
Adipose | fat cells or fat tissue |
As Fed | refers to feeding feeds that contain their normal amount of moisture |
By-product | product of considerably less value than the main product |
Essential nutrient | nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities to meet requirements an must be supplied in the diet |
Non-nutritive Feed Additive | ingredient added to a diet to perform a specific role other than supplying nutrients; Ex: flavoring, antibiotics |
Fermentation | anaerobic metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, and/or alcohol using yeast or bacteria |
Regurgitation | process by which partially digested feed is cast up to the mouth as a normal part of digestion |
Silage | forage or other plant material such as corn fodder that is preserved by fermentation; similar to pickled food for humans |
Volatile Fatty Acids (VTAs) | group of short-chain fatty acids produced by microbes in the rumen; examples include acetic, proprionic, and butyric acids |