Question | Answer |
Tumor suppressant genes | Prevent growth |
Oncology | Study of tumors (aka neoplasm) An abnormal growth of tissue |
Benign | Non-invasive, non- metastatic tumor |
Malignant | "Badly born", tumor characterized by anaplasia, invasiveness and metastasis |
Anaplasia | Rapidly dividing, undifferentiated cells |
Metastasis | Spread of cancer to other body sites |
Categories of malignant neoplasia | All end in -oma |
Carcinoma | Ectodermal cells |
Sarcoma | Mesodermal cells |
Leukemia | White blood cells- myeloid or lymphoid lineages |
Lymphoma | Macrophages and cells of the lymphatic system |
Familial | Inherited predisposition, mutations are carrier in all cells, recessive at cellular level but inherited as a dominant trait as new somatic mutations accumulate (organism level= dominant) |
Sporadic | Spontaneous mutations |
Cancer is a ____ disease. | genetic |
Primary risk factor for cancer | Age |
Stages in cancer cell | Metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, extravasation |
Intravasation | Enter into bloodstream of cancer cells |
Extravasation | Exit from bloodstream of cancer cells |
Cancer is caused by... | An inherited susceptibility or a sporadic event. |
Mutator genes | Do not cause cancer directly but result in genome instability and increased mutation rate (cancer syndromes) |
Oncogenes | Increase cell division (proliferative) |
Why aren't mutations in proto- oncogenes found among familiar types of cancer? | 1. Mutations in DNA repair genes indirectly cause "cancer syndromes" 2. Retinoblastoma |
Retinoblastoma | A malignant tumor of the eye arising in retinoblasts (embryonic retinal cells that disappear at about 2 years of age.) Because mature retinal cells do not transform into tumors, this tumor usually occurs only in children. Deletion long arm chromosome 13 |
RB1 Gene | The tumor- suppressing protein pRB controls the G1/S transition in the cell cycle, without pRB, cell division in uncontrolled |
Polyps | Growths attached to the substrate by small stalks. Commonly found in nose, rectum, and uterus |