Term | Definition |
Statistical norms | are extreme happiness and intelligence abnormal? |
Social norms | different cultures and different times have different definitions of norms |
cognitive/perceptual disorders | is having extremely high self esteem abnormal? |
Personal distress | subjective feelings can be normal (miserable, anxious, depressed, insomnia) |
behavioral maladaptiveness | most important! it's a problem when welfare of the individual or their social group is harmed |
efficient perception of reality | realistic appraisals of their reactions and capabilities and the world around them; basically Not cognitive/perceptual distortion; grounded in reality |
voluntary control over behavior | decisions to act are voluntary and not due to uncontrollable impulses |
self esteem and acceptance | feelings of self worth and acceptance; comfortable and spontaneous w/ others |
able to form affectionate relationships | sensitive to the needs of others; dont make excessive demands; many times serial killers lack this |
productivity | able to channel energy and ability into productive activity |
DSM | statistical manual that's a checklist for disorders; put out by the American Psychiatric Association; Psychologists and psychiatrists don't always see eye to eye (psychology looks at how & why while Psychiatrists look at logical symptoms & diagnostics) |
DSM-IV | has 5 axis; older version of DSM |
DSM-IV Axis 1 | acute psychological problem (what's wrong now?) ex. depression, insomnia |
DSM-IV Axis 2 | Long term psychological problems (ex. personality disorders) |
DSM-IV Axis 3 | Medical problems (may contribute to psychology such as heart surgery leading to depression) |
DSM-IV Axis 4 | major life changes (death in family, moving); social change |
DSM-IV Axis 5 | global assessment of functioning (how is the person coping and how do they participate in the environment?) |
DSM-V | Went from 5 axis to 3 sections |
Changes in DSM (Asperger's syndrome& Pervasive Developmental disorders ) | Asperger's syndrome& Pervasive Developmental disorders dont exists anymore->now on autism spectrum (pro: hopes of less stigma, con: some ppl need the classification to afford behavioral therapy insurance) |
Changes in DSM (bipolar disorder) | bipolar now separate from major depression |
Changes in DSM (PTSD) | Posttraumatic stress disorder no longer classified as anxiety disorder |
Changes in DSM (OCD) | OCD no longer classified as anxiety disorder |
Changes in DSM (exclusion of bereavement) | major depression no longer includes an exclusion of bereavement (so no clause to account for things such as death of a loved one) |
comorbidity | when you get a similar diagnosis between 2 or more disorders |
DSM-V (Section 1) | Why the DSM was changed |
DSM-V (Section 2) | List of all disorders despite what axis it was previously listed in |
DSM-V (Section 3) | Does the job of axis 4 and 5, except axis 5 is only suggested, not required |
Lifetime prevalence | most times ppl double or tripple dip in disorders (comorbid) |
Generalized anxiety | to nothing identifiable; persistent; chronic, but some things may make it worse |
Panic attacks | to nothing identifiable; transient and intense |
Phobias | to something identifiable; disruptive; exaggerated; irrational; can be simple, social, or complex |
Obsessive compulsive disorder | obsessive idea generates anxiety relieved by compulsive/ritualistic acts that may not be logically associated with the obsessive idea |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | acute stress disorder after 30 days since the event occurred, even if symptoms not visible in the first 30 days |
Acute stress disorder | stress within the first 30 days since the event occurred |
Trauma and stress | flashbacks, nightmares, sleep problems, can occur by war/natural disasters/accidents/assault; during flashbacks, ppl have lots of adrenaline but low cortisol lvls |
Major depression (primary) | depression is root problem |
Major depression (secondary) | depression is caused by something else; ex. heart surgery leading to depression |
Major depression (involutional) | comes from loss of ability |
Major depression (postpartum) | occurs in some women after child birth; doesnt always respond to classical depression meds |
Major depression (exogenous) | due to an external event; sometimes responds to meds, but not always |
Major depression (endogenous) | has to do with interior brain physiology, usually responds well to meds |
Major depression (Seasonal affective disorder) | dont receive enough light= depression; mostly happens in the North; there are structures in the brain that pick up a little light thru the skull which regulates sleep cycle |
Bipolar disorder | aka Manic depression; alternating moods; unresponsive to antidepressants; irritability- possible warning of harm to self; go thru manic (lots of excitement) and depressive (usually longer than manic) states; use mood stabilizers as med; high suicide rates |
schizophrenia | it has nothing to do w/ multiple personalities; "a break" from reality; disturbances of thought/attention; hallucinations; disturbances of emotional stat; motor withdrawal (waxy flexibility); decreased ability to function |
schizophrenia (acute) | rarest; doesnt run in families; can occur any time during life; usually in response to a traumatic event; typically doesnt reoccur; not very responsive to antipsychotic meds; doesnt have neurochemical basis |
schizophrenia (chronic) | appears in late adolescence; most common; go into periodic remission; comorbid w/ ADD& OCD; as patient ages, psychotic episodes get longer, more severe; typically responds well to antipsychotic meds, but have to take it continually |
schizophrenia (vulnerability) | high risk children (one schizo parent)- more likely to have birth complications, separation from mom, fathers hospitalized, inappropriate behavior at school, atypical pattern of infant development |
schizophrenia (type 1) | positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, confused thinking), functioned well before appearance of symptoms; disturbed behaviors come and go; responds well to antipsychotic meds; problem in dopamine neurotramission |
schizophrenia (type 2) | negative symptoms (poverty of speech, emotional unresponsiveness, seclusiveness, impaired attention), poor history of social and edu functioning prior to onset; unresponsive to antipsychotic meds; due to structural brain abnormalities (Flu epidemic) |
schizophrenia (CAT and MRI Scans) | shows structural abnormalities in the brain's areas involved in thinking, concentration, memory, and perception (cerebral ventricles, frontal and temporal lobes, hippocampus) |
schizophrenia (PET scans) | show reduced metabolism in the frontal lobes of unmedicated patients; suggests increased # of dopamine receptors in the brains of previously unmedicated sufferers |
Personality disorders | immature way of coping with traumatic things such as bullying and abuse as a child |
Personality disorders (antisocial personality) | psychopathic, sociopathic; not to be confused w/ antisocial behavior; no conscious, guilt, empathy, or concern for others; low physiological measures for arousal or anxiety despite an apparent need for thrills and excitement; restless and impulsive |
Personality disorders (borderline personality) | mass manipulation; extreme fear of abandonment; instability; anxiety attacks; ppl teeter b/w severe neurotic traits and bouts of psychosis; high users of outpatient mental health services |
dissociative amnesia | sudden memory loss due to a psychologically stressful event; may be brief or prolonged; recovery is often also sudden; memories come back from old life and amnesia life; occurs to adults |
dissociative fugue | sudden memory loss due to stressful event; recovery duration is variable; after recovery, fugue memories are lost |
dissociative identity | multiple personality; early emotional trauma (very young child); personalities may or may not be aware of eachother; abnormal EEG measurements during shift in personality; core personality and protector personality |
mental hospital | care for those who cant care for themselves; brief hospitalization for acute psychotic episodes; used to be many, but not since it became the states' jobs to fund them |
general hospital | most psychiatric impatient stays; sometimes in a specialized psychiatric ward |
nursing home | older chromic mental patients; quality of living condition varies; few, if any specialized treatment personnel |
halfway houses | provides transition to general community; may help seek employment and place to live |
community mental health centers | free or low cost services; activities aimed at preventing psychological problems where possible |
private offices | preferred by those who can afford them |
psychiatrist | MD; can work in any setting but most choose hospital or private practice; can prescribe drugs; mindset is physician like; some do zero talk therapy |
clinical psychologist | doctorate in psychology with training in research and clinical practice; many employed in universities in addition to private practice |
counseling psychologist | doctorate in psychology; less research and more clinical emphasis; more likely to see patients w/o a mental disorder |
counselor | masters degree in counseling; likely to work in school or institution helping ppl deal w/ school or job related problems |
psychiatric social workers | masters in social work and training in dealing w/ ppl w/ psychological problems; often visit ppl at home and make rudimentary assessments of home situations; state workers; underpaid and overworked |
psychiatric nurse | bachelors or masters in nursing; usually work in hospitals and may conduct psychotherapy sessions |
initial interview | purpose is to determine if problem is organic or mental |
computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT Scan) | 3D xray that can see most large scale injuries; cheap and quick though a little blurry |
MRI Scan | sharp image up to a mm; more expensive; detects the radio frequencies emitted by water in tissue when a very strong magnetic field is flipped on and off; grayscale (white=bone, black- water/ventricles); gives brain structure |
Positron emission tomography (PET scan) | measures metabolic activity via weak radioactively labeled markers ; lets you know what parts of the brain are working harder; poorer resolution |
EEG | cheapest and easiest; least invasive; measures electrical activity in brain; can only see surface (Cortex) of brain; poor spatial resolution; works in real time |
mini mental states exam | a little over 20 questions, brief quick and dirty exam to assess cognitive function |
amytol interview | injection of sodium amytol (a barbiturate) followed by questions; makes ppl stoned so they cannot keep up a fake act |
clinical interview (structured) | predetermined questions w/ no deviation; allows you to compare results across ppl |
clinical interview (unstructured) | can ask whatever questions in whaterver order |
MMPI | many many questions; ppl just take subset of test; meant for ppl with almost 100% identifiable disorder |
WAIS | intelligence test; easily interpretable results |
projective tests | more art than science; ambiguous pics and ask what do you see? ex. Thematic apperception test (Drawing w/o any context and ask what is going on? ex. ink blot test |
free association | psychodynamic technique; client is encouraged to give free rein to thoughts and feelings w/o editing or censoring; long rambling conversation; can take years; to get over censorship |
cognitive techniques | Instruction in self change skills, relaxation therapy, increasing pleasant events, cognitive strategies, assertiveness training, increasing social interaction |
counter conditioning | the problem the person has is because of a learned component; instead of having a negative response to the stimuli, conditioned to have a positive response |
aversion therapy | takes same stimuli of something pleasant (like alcohol) and makes the effect something unappealing |
systematic desensitization | frightened or repelled by something that you shouldnt be; takes relaxing at thought, then picture, then video, then 50 ft away, then closer and closer; long term cure |
flooding | based on extinction; better for milder probs; person confronts thing that makes them uncomfortable |
implosion therapy | based on extinction; based on imagining being in that situation |
Token economies | withhold bad behavior to get what you want; part of operant conditioning |
modeling | you observe and follow somebody else's actions; part of observational learning |
behavioral rehearsal/role playing | act like you are something else till u become it; often used in hurting relationship; ; part of observational learning |
rational-emotive | replace irrational ideas; therapist attacks and contradicts; quick changes |
transactional analysis | become aware of one's hidden intents; group setting |
spontaneous remission | ppl suddenly get better |
pyschotherapy common factors | interpersonal relationship of warmth and trust, reassurance and support, desensitization, reinforcement of adaptive responses, understanding or insight |
culture and gender | men and women hospitalized at same rate but for different reasons; men= substance abuse; women= mood disorders |
antianxiety drug | benzodiazepines; enhance the activity of GABA; work quickly; can lead to dependance |
antipsychotic drugs | Phenothiazines- impair the activity of dopamine, leads to spaztic movements, takes 2-6 weeks to work/// novel- impairs the activity of seratonin and dopamine |
antidepressant drugs | inhibitors & trycyclics- enhance monamines, side effects: cant eat certain things, can overdose/// seratonin uptake inhibitors- enhance the activity of seratonin, cant overdose on this |
shock therapy/ ECT | used for extreme suicidal ppl for who other drugs dont work; last distch effort; controversial b/c it can also cause brain damage |