Term | Definition |
Ancient Times | Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits and demons |
Ancient Egyptians | Earliest people to maintain health records |
Ancient Egyptians | Mummified corpses showed signs of arthritis, kidney stones and arteriosclerosis |
Ancient Chinese | Treat whole body by cursing spirits and nourishing the body; recorded herbal medications; used acupuncture to treat pain |
Ancient Greeks | Illness was result of natural causes; believed in disease prevention; studied effects of disease and the human body |
Hippocrates | "Father of Medicine" |
Hippocrates | Organized disease by signs and symptoms |
Hippocrates | Created high standards of ethics used by physicians (Hippocratic Oath) |
Sign | Objective patient observation |
Symptom | Subjective patient observation |
Sign | Fever |
Symptom | Pain |
Sign | Swollen ankle |
Symptom | Nausea |
Ancient Romans | Established hospitals (for injured soldiers) |
Ancient Romans | Developed public sanitation systems (aqueducts for clean water, sewers for waste) |
Dark Ages | Emphasis on saving soul and study of medicine prohibited |
Middle Ages | Bubonic plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia |
Arab physician Rhazes | Began using animal gut for suture material |
Renaissance | The rebirth of science & medicine; dissection of the human body began |
Leonardo DaVinci | Studied corpses and drew the human body more realistically |
Printing Press | Allowed knowledge to be spread |
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek | Invented the microscope |
Ambroise Pare | Father of modern Surgery |
William Harvey | Described circulation of blood to/from the heart |
Ambroise Pare | Used ligatures to bind arteries to stop bleeding |
Gabriel Fahrenheit | Invented 1st mercury thermometer |
Benjamin Franklin | Invented bifocals |
Benjamin Franklin | Discovered colds could be passed from person to person |
Edward Jenner | Developed smallpox vaccination |
Rene Laennec | Invented the stethoscope |
Florence Nightingale | Founder of modern nursing; started nursing schools |
Robert Koch | Father of microbiology; developed way to grow bacteria on culture plates |
Ignaz Semmelweiss | Encouraged hand-washing |
Gregory Mendel | Established principles of heredity (traits can be passed from parents to children) |
Louis Pasteur | Discovered that microorganisms cause disease and how to kill them (pasteurization of milk) |
Wilhelm Roentgen | Discovered x-rays |
Joseph Lister | First doctor to use antiseptic during surgery |
Sigmund Freud | Formed the basis for psychiatry and psychology |
Clara Barton | Founded the American Red Cross |
Sir Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin |
Jonas Salk | Discovered polio vaccination |
Crick and Watson | Described DNA structure |
HIPAA | Ensures privacy of patient information |
Healthcare plans (insurance/Medicare/Medicaid) | Help pay cost of healthcare |
Superbug | Drug-resistant bacteria |
Bioterrorism | Using pathogens as weapons |
Legalized euthanasia | Physician-assisted suicide |
Geriatric care | Care for elderly |
OBRA | Omnibus Reconciliation Act |
Omnibus Reconciliation Act (OBRA) | Regulates long-term healthcare facilities |
Cost containment | Control costs while achieving maximum benefits |
Telemedicine | Using video, audio and computer systems to provide medical services |
Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) | Classifying patients with certain disease in one payment group |
DRG | Diagnostic Related Group |
Complementary and Alternative Methods (CAM) | Non-traditional medical therapies |
CAM | Complimentary and Alternative Methods |
Complementary Medicine | Used WITH traditional therapies |
Alternative Medicine | Used INSTEAD of traditional therapies |
Integrative Care | Healthcare providers use both traditional and CAM therapies |
CRAAP | An acronym to help assess credibility of health information. |
CRAAP | Currency. Relevance, Authority, Acceptance, Purpose |
Health Literacy | Understanding health information and knowing how to use the information to stay healthy and access the healthcare system. |
Poor health literacy | Have poorer health outcomes, more hospitalizations and cost the healthcare system more money. |
Currency | When was the information published (or last reviewed/edited). |
Relevance | Is the information related to and in-depth enough on your topic? |
Authority | Was the health information written or reviewed by a healthcare professional? |
Accuracy | Was the information based on facts? Were cites referenced or was there a bibliography? |
Purpose | Who funds the publication (website)? What is the purpose of the website? |
AND | Boolean operative. Both search terms MUST be in the article for the search to bring forward the article. |
OR | Boolean operative. One or the other search terms must be in the article for the search to bring forward the article |
NOT | Boolean operative. Removes articles from the search that contain the search term after the operative NOT. |
( ) parentheses | Boolean operative. Searches the search term in the parentheses first |