Question | Answer |
What are the functions of the skeleton? | provide framework that supports the body, protect internal organs from mechanical injury, contains and protects red bone marrow, provides storage site for excess calcium |
What are osteocytes? | bone cells |
What is the matrix of bones made of? | calcium salts and collagen |
Is the matrix living or non living? | non living |
What bone tissue looks solid, is precisely structured, and is made of osteons and haversian systems? | compact bone |
What are microscopic cylinders of bone matrix with osteocytes in concentric rings around central haversian canals? | haversian system |
What contains blood vessels and osteocytes that are in contact with one another through canaliculi in the matrix? | haversian canals |
What type of bone tissue has visible cavities with osteocytes, matrix, and blood vessels present but not arranged in a haversian system? | spongy bone |
What is contained in the cavity of spongy bone? | red bone marrow |
What does red bone marrow produce? | red blood cells, platelets, and 5 kinds of white blood cells |
Where are long bones in the body? | arms, legs, hands, and feet |
What is the shaft of the long bone? | diaphysis |
What is the diaphysis made of? | made of compact bone and is hollow forming a canal within the shaft |
What does the canal of the diaphysis contain? | yellow bone marrow |
What is the end of the long bone called? | epiphyses |
What is the epiphyses made of? | made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone |
Where are short bones? | wrists and ankles |
Where are flat bones? | ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, and craial bones |
Where are irregular bones found? | vertebrae and facial bones |
What bone types are made of spongy bones and covered with a thin layer of compact bone? | short, flat, and irregular bones |
what covers joint surfaces of bones and provide a smooth surface? | articular cartilage |
What is the fibrous connective tissuemembrane whose collagen fibers merge with those of tendons and li nts that attach to the bone? | periosteum |
What is the skeleton first made of? | cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone |
What is the bone matrix produced by? | osteoblasts |
what is ossification? | production of bone matrix |
Where does ossification begin? | in the center of ossification in each bone |
what tissue makes up cranial and facial bones in the embryo? | fibrous connective tissue |
What occurs in the third month of development of the embryo? | fibroblasts become more specialized and differentiate into osteoblasts which produce bone matrix |
What happens at the center of ossification? | bone growth radiates outward as calcium salts are deposited in the collagen of the model of the bone |
What is the epiphyses made of? | made of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone |
Where are short bones? | wrists and ankles |
Where are flat bones? | ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, and craial bones |
Where are irregular bones found? | vertebrae and facial bones |
What bone types are made of spongy bones and covered with a thin layer of compact bone? | short, flat, and irregular bones |
what covers joint surfaces of bones and provide a smooth surface? | articular cartilage |
What is the fibrous connective tissue membrane whose collagen fibers merge with those of tendons and ligaments that attach to the bone? | periosteum |
What is the skeleton first made of? | cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone |
What is the bone matrix produced by? | osteoblasts |
what is ossification? | production of bone matrix |
Where does ossification begin? | in the center of ossification in each bone |
what tissue makes up cranial and facial bones in the embryo? | fibrous connective tissue |
What occurs in the third month of development of the embryo? | fibroblasts become more specialized and differentiate into osteoblasts which produce bone matrix |
What happens at the center of ossification? | bone growth radiates outward as calcium salts are deposited in the collagen of the model of the bone |
What are the fontanels? | fibrous connective tissue remaining between the bones of the skull |
What are the purposes for the fontanels? | compression of baby's head during birth and permit the growth of the brain after birth |
In long bones, where does growth occur after birth? | epiphyseal discs |
Between what ages does the epiphyseal disc close and what influences it? | ages 16- 25 and is influenced by estrogen and testerone |
what is a destroying cell? | osteoclast |
Specializes cells dissolve and reasorb the minerals of the bone matrix by a process called? | resorption |
How is the marrow canal formed? | osteoclasts are very active in the embryonic long bones and they reabsorb bone matrix in the center if the diaphysis making the marrow canal |
What is red bone marrow replaced with after birth? | yellow bone marrow |
What is yellow bone marrow made of? | fat |
Where does red bone marrow remain? | in the spongy bone of short, flat , and irregular bones |
What factors affect bone growth and maintenance? | heredity, nutrition, hormones, and exercise |
For bones, what does exercise mean? | bearing weight - without this bones will lose calcium much faster than it is replaced |
what gland produces growth hormone? | anterior pituitary gland |
What does growth hormone do? | increases rate of mitosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and increases the rate of protein synthesis |
What gland produces thyroxine? | thryroid gland |
What does thyroxine do? | increases the rate of protein synthesis and increases energy production from all food types |
What produces insulin and what is its purpose? | pancreas, and it increases energy production from glucose |
What gland produces parathyroid hormone? | parathyroid gland |
What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland? | raises blood calcium level, increases the absorption of calcium by the small intestines and kidneys |
What gland produces calcitonin? | thyroid gland |
What is the purpose of calcitonin? | lowers blood calcium level |
respectfully, what produces estrogen and testosterone and what are their purposes? | ovaries and testes, promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones and helps retain calcium in bones to maintain a strong bone matrix |
What are the fontanels? | fibrous connective tissue remaining between the bones of the skull |
What are the purposes for the fontanels? | compression of baby's head during birth and permit the growth of the brain after birth |
In long bones, where does growth occur after birth? | epiphyseal discs |
Between whar ages does the epiphyseal disc close and what influences it? | ages 16- 25 and is influenced by estrogen and testerone |
what is a destroying cell? | osteoclast |
Specializes cells dissolve and reasorb the minerals of the bone matrix by a process called? | resorption |
How is the marrow canal formed? | osteoclasts are very active in the embryonic long bones and they reabsorb bone matrix in the center if the diaphysis making the marrow canal |
What is red bone marrow replaced with after birth? | yellow bone marrow |
What is yellow bone marrow made of? | fat |
Where does red bone marrow remain? | in the spongy bone of short, flat , and irregular bones |
What factors affect bone growth and maintenance? | heredity, nutrition, hormones, and exercise |
For bones, what does exercise mean? | bearing weight - without this bones will lose calcium much faster than it is replaced |
what gland produces growth hormone? | anterior pituitary gland |
What does growth hormone do? | increases rate of mitosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and increases the rate of protein synthesis |
What gland produces thyroxine? | thryroid gland |
What does thyroxine do? | increases the rate of protein synthesis and increases energy production from all food types |
What produces insulin and what is its purpose? | pancreas, and it increases energy production from glucose |
What gland produces parathyroid hormone? | parathyroid gland |
What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland? | raises blood calcium level, increases the absorption of calcium by the small intestines and kidneys |
What gland produces calcitonin? | thyroid gland |
What is the purpose of calcitonin? | lowers blood calcium level |
respectfully, what produces estrogen and testosterone and what are their purposes? | ovaries and testes, promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones and helps retain calcium in bones to maintain a strong bone matrix |
What type of fracture has broken parts that are still in anatomical position and minimal tissue damage? | simple(closed) |
What fracture is where the broken end of the bone has been moved and it pierces the skin with extensive damage to surronding blood vessels, nerves, and muscles? | compound(open) |
What fracture does the bone split longitudinally and occurs more often in children? | greenstick |
Two or more intersecting breaks create several bone fragments are called? | comminuted |
The broken ends of a bone are forced into one another and many bone fragments may be created in this kind of fracture? | impacted |
When a bone breaks without apparent trauma, it is called? | pathological(spontaneous) |
What disease is characterized by excessive loss of calcium without sufficient replacrment? | osteoporosis |
toward the back | dorsal |
toward the front | ventral |
away from the midline/at the side | lateral |
toward the midline | medial |
closest to the point of attachment | proximal |
farthest from the point of attachment | distal |
a connective tissue made of chondrocytes in a protein matrix | cartilage |
a sac of synovial fluid that decreases friction between a tendon and a bone | bursae |
a fibrous connective structure that connects bone to bone | ligament |
what are the cells that make up fibrous connective tissue? | fibroblasts |
What is fibrous connective tissue most important characteristic? | strength |
What is the purpose of the periosteum in long bones? | anchors structures and contains blood vessels that enter the bone itself and osteoblast if bone is damaged |
rounded projection that enters into the formation of a joint | condyle |
rounded projection beyond a narrow neckline | head |
What area of attachment is a very large process? | trochanter |
what area of attachment is a ridge? | crest |
what area of attachment is a sharp promient projection? | spine |
meatus | a tube shaped opening |
foramen | a hole |
sinus | a cavity or sponge |
What forms the axis of the body and what does it contain? | axial skeleton - skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
What supports the appendages and what does it contain? | appendicular skeleton - arms, legs, shoulder, and pelvic girdle |
stretching or tearing of the ligaments or joint? | sprain |
How many bones are in the body? | 206 |
skull consists of how many cranial bones? | 8 |
what are canial bones? | frontal bone, left and right parietal, occipital, left and right temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid |
The skull contains how many facial bones? | 14 |
what bone supports base of tongue? | hyoid |
forms the forehead and anterior part of the top of the skull | frontal bone |
forms the posterior top and much of the side walls of the skull | parietal bones |
on the side of the skull and contains the ear canl,middle ear cavity, and inner ear labyrinth | temporal |
forms lower. posterior part of the braincase | occipital |
large opening for the spinal cord and the two condyles | foramen magnum |
shaped like a bat, visible on the side of the skull between the frontal and temporal bones | sphenoid |
has a vertical projection called the crista galli that anchors the cranial meninges, forms the roof and upper walls of the nasal cavity, and upper part of the nasal septum | ethmoid |
immovable joints between the cranial bones | sutures |
only movable facial bone | mandible |
joint between mandible and temporal bone | condyloid joint |
forms the anterior portion of the hard palate, two upper jaw bones | maxillae |
these two bones form the bridge of the nose where they articulate with the frontal bone | nasal bones |
these two bones form the point of the cheek and articulates with the maixilla, frontal bone, and temporal bone | zygomatic bone |
at the medial side of each orbit, contains the lacrimal sac | lacrimal bone |
posterior portion of the hard palate | palatine bones |
forms the lower part of the nasal septum and articulates with the ethmoid bone | vomer |
scroll like bones that curl downward from the sides of the nasal cavities, help increase surface area of the nasal mucosa | conchae |
air cavities located in the maxillae, and frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones | paranasal sinuses |
air cavities in the mastoid process of each temporal bone, they open into the middle ear | mastoid sinus |
three auditory bones within the middle ear cavity | malleus, incus, and stapes |
where are the cervical vertebrae located and how many are there? | neck, 7 |
what is the first cervical vertebrae called and what is its purpose? | atlas, supports skull and pivots |
what is the second cervical vertebrae called and what is its purpose? | axis, pivot, enables head to turn |
articulates with the ribs on the posterior side | thoracic vertebrae |
how many thoracic vertebrae are there? | 12 |
how many lumbar vertebrae are there? | 5 |
largest and strongert bones of the spine, located in the small of the back | lumbar vertebrae |
permits the articulation of the two hip bones | sacrum |
what is the joint called that permits the articulation of the two hip bones? | sacroiliac joints |
how many fused vertebrae of the sacrum? | 5 |
remnants of tail vertbrae with some muscles of the perinium attached to it | coccyx |
how many vertebrae of the coccyx? | 4 or 5 |
continous tunnel lined with meninges within the bones that contain the spinal cord and protect it from mechanical injury | vertebral canal |
supporting part of the vertebrae | body |
what are discs made of? | fibrous cartilage |
direction of cervical curve | forward |
direction of thoracic curve | backward |
direction of lumbar curve | forward |
direction of sacral curve | backward |
protects lungs, liver, and heart | rib cage |
directly involved with functioning of respiratory system | rib cage |
three parts of the sternum | manubrium, body, xiphoid process |
rib cage consists of? | 12 pairs of ribs and sternum |
first 7 pairs of ribs | true ribs |
next 3 pairs of ribs | false ribs |
last 2 pairs of ribs | floating ribs |
all the ribs articulate posteriorly with? | the thoracic vertebrae |
attaches the arms to the axial skeleton | shoulder girdle |
bones of the shoulder | scapula and clavicle |
articulates laterally with the scapula | clavicle |
long bone of upper arm | humerus |
elbow is what kind of joint? | hinge joint |
forearm bones | ulna and radius |
bone on the thumb side | radius |
bone on little finger side | ulna |
carpals | 8 small bones of the wrist |
metacarpals | 5 bones of the palm of the hand |
phalanges | bones of the fingers |
articulate with the axial skeleton of the sacrum | pelvic girdle |
3 major parts of the hip bone | ilium, ischium, pubis |
two pubic bones articulate with one another at the? | pubic symphysis |
long bone of thigh | femur |
tarsals | 7 bones in the ankles |
metatarsals | 5 long bones of each foot |
phalanges | bones of the toes |
weight bearing bone of the lower leg | tibia |
kneecap | patella |
does not bear much weight for the lower leg | fibula |
calcaneus | heel bone |
where 2 bones meet or articulate | joint |
immovable joint | synarthrosis |
example of synarthrosis | suture -fibrous connective tissue between bone surfaces - between cranial bones, between facial bones |
slightly movable joint | amphiarthrosis |
example of amphiarthrosis | synovial - disc of fibrous cartilage between bones - between vertebrae, between pubic bones |
freely movable joint | diathrosis |
types of diathrosis joints | ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, pivot, gliding, saddle |
ball and socket | movement in all planes, scapula and humerus, pelvic bone and femur |
hinge | movement in one plane, humerus and ulna, femur and tibia, between phalanges |
condyloid | movement in one plane with some lateral movement, temporal bone and mandible |
pivot | rotation, atlas and axis, radius and ulna |
gliding | side-to-side movement, between carpals |
saddle | movement in several planes, carpometacarpal of thumb |
all diarthroses are what kinds of joints because they share similar structures? | synovial |
small sacs of synovial fluid between the joints and tendons | bursae |
inflammation if joint | arthritis |
kyphosis | exaggerated thoracic curve - hunchback |
lordosis | exaggerated lumbar curve - swayback |
abnormal lateral curvature | scoliosis |