| Question |
Answer |
| Anatomy - def. | Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure; interior and exterior |
| Physiology | Scientific study of the functions and processes of living things (animal and vegetable);especially as to how things normally function |
| Physiology: major goals (2) | a.) understand and predict reponses of body to stimuli b.) understand how body maintains homeostasis |
| Gross Anatomy | study of structures which can be examined without the aid of a microscope - regional, systemic & surface anatomy are "gross" anatomies |
| Gross anatomy - how to study? (2) | a.) systemic-group of structures that have one or more common functions b.) regional anatomy - body studied by area (Ex. dentists) |
| Surface anatomy - | study of external form of body & relation to deeper structures Ex. Sternum - used as anatomic landmark in study of regions of hear & where heart sounds can be heard |
| Anatomic imaging | Uses X-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging & other technologies to see internal structures |
| Microscopic anatomy (2) | Cytology & histology |
| Cytology (micropsopic anatomy) | Examines cells-functional units of life. Study of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell. SYN. cellular biology |
| cyto-(greek) | Prefix "kytos" meaning a cell |
| Histology (microscopic anatomy) | Examines tissues, which are cells and the materials surrounding them |
| tissue | aggregation of similar cells or types of cells, together with any associated intercellular materials, adapted to perform one or more specific functions. Fr. "tissu" or "woven" L. "texo" to weave |
| topics of physiology | dynamic nature of body; operations of specific organ systems |
| Cell physiology | processes occuring in cells |
| systemic physiology | examines functions of organ systems |
| Examples of systemic physiology (2) | neurophysiology - nervous system and cardiovascular physiology - heart & blood vessles |
| Pathology | medical science dealing with all aspects of disease; cause & development of abnormal conditions |
| structural & functional organization -six levelas | Chemical level 2. Cell level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level |
| 1. Chemical level | Interaction of atoms |
| 2. Cell level | Functional unit of life |
| 3. Tissue level | group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them |
| 4. Organ level | One or more tissues functioning together |
| 5. Organ system level | Group of organs functioning together |
| 6. Organism level | One living individual |
| Organ systems of the body (11) | Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive |
| integumentary | Skin-protection, regulates Temperature, prevents water loss; skin, hair nails, & sweat glands |
| Skeletal | proection & support, body movements, blood cell production, storage (fats, in bones); bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, & joints |
| muscular | produce movement, postur, body heat production, muscles attached to skeleton by tendons |
| lymphatic | foreign substance removal, regulate tissue fluid balance (prevents swelling), helps fight infection (ex. spleen, thymus produces helper-T cells???); lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs |
| respiratory system | exchanges oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood and air & regulates blood pH; consists of lungs and respiratory passages (nose, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi) |
| digestive system | digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes; mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus, mouth |
| nervous system | controls movements, sensory system, intellectual processes; brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors |
| endocrine | regulatory system influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other functions; glands - pituitary, parathyroids, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries |
| cardiovascular | transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; helps immune response & the regulation of body temperature; consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood |
| urinary system | waste removal, regulation blood pH, ion balance, water balance; consits of the kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts that carry urine |
| reproductive | male & female; fertilization, production of gametes - egg cells, sperm cells |
| Characteristics of life (6) | 1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. REsponsiveness 4. Growth 5. development (including differentiation & morphogenesis) 6. Reproduction |
| Organization | Within living organism, parts have specific relationships to each & interact to perform specific functions |
| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism, including break down food molecules, using energy |
| responsiveness | ability to sense changes in internal or external environment, moving toward food or away from danger, and make adjustments to maintain internal environment |
| growth | cells increase in size & number |
| development | changes throughh time--greatest development changes before birth--but many change continue after birth |
| Development -- differentiation | Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized |
| Development - Morphogenesis | change in shape of tissues, organs & entire organism - Ex. after fertilization generalized cells specialize to become specific cells |
| reproduction | formation of new cells or new organisms |
| homeostasis | existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body Ex. pH 7.4 |
| Variables within body | Cells need certain conditions to function normally - must be within range Ex. 7.4 pH but 7.42 is OK - or body temperature |
| Set point | maintain body temperature (or other variable) within a range; if "set point" is reached, body will react to maintain homeostasist Ex. shivering to maintain warmth |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms | Any deviation from "set Point" is made smaller or is resisted Ex. blood pressure receptors cause heart rate to increase or decrease to maintain steady beat |
| Positive-feedback mechanisms | Deviations from the "set point" cause additional deviation away from that value Ex. blood loss-blood pressure decreases to the point that delivery of blood to cardiac muscle is inadequate--heart pumps less blood, causing blood pressure to drop even furthe |
| Positive-feedback | Childbirth-baby's large size stimulates contractions of uterine muscles |
| Body Cavity | space or opening |
| Dorsal - Posterior | back |
| Trunk contains three cavities | Thoracic, abdominal & pelvic |
| Thoracic cavity contains (5) | Heart, lungs, THYMUS (don't forget us!) esophagus (don't eat us!) & trachea (don't track us!) |
| Abdominal cavity contains (6) | stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys (stomach spleens pancakes) (liver likes licorice) |
| Pelvic cavity | Urinary bladder, part of large intestine & reproductive organs |
| ANTERIOR or VENTRAL cavities | thoracic - abdominal & pelvice (all in trunk) |
| POSTERIOR or DORSAL cavities | Cranial-spine-spinal cord-nerves & blood vessels |
| What are two division within the anterior=ventral=abdominal cavities | Mediastinum (divides heart from lungs) and diaphragm (divides abdomen from thoracic) |
| Mediastinum (Latin) | "middle wall" |
| Mediastinum | Divides heart from lungs (each lung has its own sac- right & left |
| Diaphragm | musculomembranous partition between the abdominal & thoracic cavities |
| Serous membrane | cover the organs of the trunk cavities & line the trunk cavities |
| Serous membrane - parietal & visceral | The outer - parietal - the inner-visceral |
| Parietal (fist in a balloon) | The OUTER balloon wall |
| Visceral (fist in balloon) | the INNER balloon wall (touching the "fist" or organ) |
| Serous membrane - function | reduce friction ex. heart muscle moves--would rub against lungs |
| What is serous membrane composed of? | cell that secrete serous fluid |
| Serous refers to what quality? | "Watery" serous cells secrete a water fluid (as opposed to mucuos cells) |
| What are three SEROUS membranes?? | Pericardial - pleural - peritoneal |
| Pericardial (serous membrane) | surrounds heart - visceral pericardium covers the heart; which is contained within a sace lined with parietal pericardium |
| Pleural serous membrane | Pleural (associated with ribs) One cavity for each lung (they are not connected) - contains Pleural fluid |
| Peritoneal serous membrane | covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| "retro" peritoneal cavity | "Behind" the peritoneal - contains kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of intestines & urinary bladder (adrenal & pancreas-they "add" to our "pancakes" behind) |
Beef Production
