Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure; interior and exterior
Physiology
Scientific study of the functions and processes of living things (animal and vegetable);especially as to how things normally function
Physiology: major goals (2)
a.) understand and predict reponses of body to stimuli b.) understand how body maintains homeostasis
Gross Anatomy
study of structures which can be examined without the aid of a microscope - regional, systemic & surface anatomy are "gross" anatomies
Gross anatomy - how to study? (2)
a.) systemic-group of structures that have one or more common functions b.) regional anatomy - body studied by area (Ex. dentists)
Surface anatomy -
study of external form of body & relation to deeper structures Ex. Sternum - used as anatomic landmark in study of regions of hear & where heart sounds can be heard
Anatomic imaging
Uses X-rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging & other technologies to see internal structures
Microscopic anatomy (2)
Cytology & histology
Cytology (micropsopic anatomy)
Examines cells-functional units of life. Study of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell. SYN. cellular biology
cyto-(greek)
Prefix "kytos" meaning a cell
Histology (microscopic anatomy)
Examines tissues, which are cells and the materials surrounding them
tissue
aggregation of similar cells or types of cells, together with any associated intercellular materials, adapted to perform one or more specific functions. Fr. "tissu" or "woven" L. "texo" to weave
topics of physiology
dynamic nature of body; operations of specific organ systems
Cell physiology
processes occuring in cells
systemic physiology
examines functions of organ systems
Examples of systemic physiology (2)
neurophysiology - nervous system and cardiovascular physiology - heart & blood vessles
Pathology
medical science dealing with all aspects of disease; cause & development of abnormal conditions
structural & functional organization -six levelas
Chemical level 2. Cell level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level
1. Chemical level
Interaction of atoms
2. Cell level
Functional unit of life
3. Tissue level
group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
exchanges oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood and air & regulates blood pH; consists of lungs and respiratory passages (nose, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi)
digestive system
digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes; mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, rectum, anus, mouth
regulatory system influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other functions; glands - pituitary, parathyroids, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries
cardiovascular
transports nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; helps immune response & the regulation of body temperature; consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood
urinary system
waste removal, regulation blood pH, ion balance, water balance; consits of the kidneys, urinary bladder and ducts that carry urine
reproductive
male & female; fertilization, production of gametes - egg cells, sperm cells
Within living organism, parts have specific relationships to each & interact to perform specific functions
Metabolism
all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism, including break down food molecules, using energy
responsiveness
ability to sense changes in internal or external environment, moving toward food or away from danger, and make adjustments to maintain internal environment
growth
cells increase in size & number
development
changes throughh time--greatest development changes before birth--but many change continue after birth
Development -- differentiation
Change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
Development - Morphogenesis
change in shape of tissues, organs & entire organism - Ex. after fertilization generalized cells specialize to become specific cells
reproduction
formation of new cells or new organisms
homeostasis
existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body Ex. pH 7.4
Variables within body
Cells need certain conditions to function normally - must be within range Ex. 7.4 pH but 7.42 is OK - or body temperature
Set point
maintain body temperature (or other variable) within a range; if "set point" is reached, body will react to maintain homeostasist Ex. shivering to maintain warmth
Negative-feedback mechanisms
Any deviation from "set Point" is made smaller or is resisted Ex. blood pressure receptors cause heart rate to increase or decrease to maintain steady beat
Positive-feedback mechanisms
Deviations from the "set point" cause additional deviation away from that value Ex. blood loss-blood pressure decreases to the point that delivery of blood to cardiac muscle is inadequate--heart pumps less blood, causing blood pressure to drop even furthe
Positive-feedback
Childbirth-baby's large size stimulates contractions of uterine muscles
500 Words
