| Question |
Answers |
| The body's adaptation to restore or maintain normal function is called | Homeostasis |
| The best example of a cytoplasmic architecture found in a cells hyaloplasm is | Microfilaments |
| The definition of epidemiology is | The study of the cause and distribution of disease |
| The necrosis type associated with the pancrease is | Fat |
| The necrosis type associated wtih the kidney , liver & heart is | coagulative |
| Poor circulation that results in mummified appearing toes is called | dry gangrene |
| Nuclear manifestations of irreversible cell injury include | karyolysis and pyknosis |
| Mitochondrial swelling | reversible cell injury |
| Torch syndrome | Toxoplasma
Other agents
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpesvirus
|
| Diseases of a receptors | Myasthenia gravis |
| Hormone related cell number increase | Hyperplasia |
| Cell shrinkage that can be from old age or ischemia is best called | Atrophy |
| Vasculoar degeneration, acidic pH and decreased protein synthesis are sings of | Reversible cell injury |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause | Pernicious anemia |
| Environmental agents that permanently harm a developing fetus are called | teratogens |
| A male phenotype with all stature, atrophic testes, effeminate with possible gynecomastia best describes | Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) |
| American President Abe Lincoln has been felt by some researchers to have been likely to have this autosomal dominant disease affecting collagen that results in increased risk of dissecting aortic aneurysms and ocular lens subluxation. what is this conditi | Marfan's disease |
| Which autosomal recssive condition is associated with increased risk of liver disease (cirrhosis) and emphysema | alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AAT) |
| Typical of Turner Syndrome (XO) | Lack of ovary develometn (infertile); Increased risk of coarctation of the aorta |
| Which of the following conditions is considered multifactorial in etiology? | Diabetes mellitus |
| which word below best describes the process of maintaining internal steady state or balance wtihin a cell or living system? | Homeostasis |
| Patient type with greater amount of adipose tissue than normal | elderly; women; infants |
| The correct example below that is an insensible loss of fluids is | sweating |
| Transcellular fluids make up a very small % of extracellular fluids. Which of the following is an example of a transcellular fluid? | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Exmaple of active hyperemia | blusing |
| Smallest manifestation of bleeding under the skin below is | Petechiae |
| Hormones or proteins involved in maintaining fluid balance include | ADH, Atrial naturetic peptide, aldosterone |
| melena | Tarry appearing digested blood in stool |
| What % of total body weight is water | 60% |
| White infarction | arterial |
| Red infarction | venous (testes/gut) |
| Causes Caisson's disease and th ebends | Gaseous |
| Emboli type | White infarction - Arterial (heart/kidney)
red infarction (venous - testes/gut)
Causes Caisson's disease and Bends - Gaseous emboli (air in vein) |
| Arterial hemorrhage can be recognized from venous in that the arterial blood is | Bright red and flows in a pulsating manner |
| Histamine is released from mast cells when they are in a tissue or organ. What are mast cells called when they are circulating in the blood? | Basophils |
| Which arachidonic acid derivatives results from the lipoxygenasepathway, plus they ar eassociated with asthma and anaphylaxis? | Leukotrienes |
| Tuberculosis infections cause caseous granulomas. What type of granulomas are seen with Sarcoid (Sarcoidosis) | Non-Caseous granulomas |
| Inflammation | Elevated WBC count, body temperature, ESR |
| Cardinal Signa of Inflammation | Rubor, Swelling, Calor, Dolor, functio laesa |
| Band cells are also known as | Immature WBCs |
| Complement system, a key component of th ebody's inflammatory response, can be activated by a longer classical and a shorter alternative pathway. They both end up in a common mechanism - which pathway (endpoint) | Membrane Attack Complex |
| Immune System Body Sites | Primary - bone marrow, thymus; Secondary - Tonsils, Peyer's patches |
| Atrophic gastritis adn Crohn's disease are most typically associated with | B-12 deficiency |
| Imcrocytic hypochromic anemia with low hemosiderin stores in the bone marrow will respond favorably to treatment with | Iron |
| Nature Killer Cell | from Lymphoid stem cell |
| Arachadonic acid | precursor for cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways |
| Immunoglogulin found in mucosa and body secretions | IgA |
| Immunoglobulin makes th esecond and largest response | IgG |
| Immunoglobulin associated with allergy and hypersensitivity | IgE |
| Immunoglogulin mounting th eprimary/earliest response to invasion | IgM |
| What are circulating basophils called when they reside in tissues | Mast cells |
| Loss of Cd4 hel;er T-cells and increased opportunistic infectinos are best associated with | AIDS |
| treatment for severe idiopathic aplastic anemia | bone marrow transplant |
| who tends to have secondary polycythemia | professional mountain climber |
| Hematopoiesis | from flat bone and long bone |
| RBC life | 120 days |
| Repairing tears in the endothelium of vessels | Platelets |
| Rapid RBC turnover | elevated reticuloycte count |
| What organism causes pseudomembrane formation in antibiotic induced colitis | C. difficile |
| Arterial emboli | Cerebral, kidney, spleen, intestines |
| Arterial emboli | white/pale infarction (heart/kidney) |
| Arterial emboli Red Infarction | venous-testes/gut |
| Thrombocytopenia | Low platelet count < 75K (Normal 150K - 300K) |
| Etiology | Acquired - infectino, bonemarrow suppression, hypersplenism |
| Drugs effect | heparin |
| ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) | immune disorders |
| Spontaneous Bleeding | When platelet count drops below 20K |
| Thrombocythemia | High thrombocyte count > 600K |
| Thrombocythemia treatment | hydroxyuria |
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) | Highest among children, 20% of all leukemia |
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) | Most common leukemia, 40% of total leukemia, bone marrow transplant the only treatment |
| Chronic Myelogenous (CML) | 15%, affecting adults and increases with advancing age, 90% with Philadelphia chromosomes |
| CML Mortality | Poor prognoses without Philadelphia chromosomes present |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma | 1. nodular sclerosis; 2. lymphcyte predominence; 3. mixed cellularity; 4. lymphocyte depletion |
| Hemostasis | Vasospasm; Platelet activation (locally released factors); Platelet adhesion (von Willebrand's factor); Platelet aggregation; fibrin thrombus formation |
| Inhibition of excessive clotting | circulating anticoagulants; protein C, Protein S, antithrombin III; Thrombomodulum released by endothelial cells |
| Fibrinolysis | TPA: tissue plasminogen factor; Urokinase |
| Hypocoagulability | coumadin; heparin |
| Vitamin K utilization by liver | inhibited by coumadin (warfarin) |
| Hypercoagulability Venous | Red clots: RBC/fibrin; Stasis; Inappropriate activation of clotting factors; surgery, malignancy, CHF, obesity, Ocs, estrogens, HPT, DM, polycythemia; pregnancy |
| Hemophilia | congenital bleeding disorder |
| hemophilia A | common disorder - 2/10,000; lacking factor VIII |
| von Willebrand's Factor | Most common genetric bleeding disorder |
| von Willebrand's Factor | 1% of population |
| von Willebrand's Factor | autosomal dominant; affect both platelets and factor VIII |
| Virchow's triad | slow venous flow; hypercoagulability; inflammation of vessel wall |
| DVT | 25% clinically evident
edema/swelling
discrepancy in limb size
Homan's sign |
| 40% DVT lead to | Pulmonary emboli |
| 50% DVT lead to | postphlebitic syndrome |
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy | Systemic disorder of thrombosis and hemorrhage with evidence of widespread pro-coagulant activity
fibrinolytic activation
inhibitor consumption and end organ damage from thrombosis |
| DIC treatment | blood, clotting factors, anticoagulation |
| DIC Mortality | 60 - 80% of cases |
| DVT Treatment | Reduce risk factors
prophylactic therapy
anticoagulant therapy
thrombolytic therapy
greenfield filter |
| Thrombotic thrombocytopenic Purpura | Mortality - 90%
Rare 1/50,000 hospital patients |
| IgM | Primary response |
| IgG | Secondary response, placenta |
| IgA | Secretions/mucosal |
| IgD | Intercellular signaling |
| IgE | Hypersensitivity, least amount |
Ch.18 LTI-MA 509
