Question | Answer |
cuticle | waxy, waterproof layer that covers leaves; it helps plants slow down evaporation |
vascular tissue | tube like structues where water minerals and food move |
nonvascular plants | low growing; do not have roots to absorb water; cannot grow tall because they have thin cell walls |
vascular plants | have a true vascular system; better suited to life in dry areas than nonvascular plants; can grow tall |
sporophyte | plant produces spores that develop into next stage of life cycle |
gameophyte | plant produces sperm cells and egg cells that join to form a zygote and the cycle repeats |
mosses | 10000 species; most diverse group of nonvascular plants |
rhizoids | anchor moss into ground instead of roots |
liverworts | 8000 species; often found growing on moist rocks or soil along the sides of streams; named for the shape of the plants leaflike gameophyte |
hornworts | fewer than 100 species; seldom found on rocks or tree trunks; usually live in moist soil mixed with grasses; named for the slender curved structures that grow out of the gametophytes |
seedless vascular plants | reproduce with spores |
ferns | 12000 species; have true stem roots and leaves; stems are underground |
fronds | a ferns leaves |
horsetails | very few species |
club mosses | have true stems roots and leaves; only a few hundred species |
pholem | carries food that was made in the leaves |
xylem | carries water and minerals from soild |
pollen | tiny structures that contain cells that will become sperm cells |
seed | structure that contains a young lant inside a protective covering |
parts of a seed | embryo; stored food; seed coat |
embryo | plant that deelops from the zygote |
cotyledons | embryos seed leaves |
seed dispersal | by animals; wind; or water |
germination | occurs when the emryo begins to row and pushes out of the seed |
roots | anchor a plant in the ground; absorb water and minerals; and sometimes store food |
fibrous root system | consits of many similarly sized roots that form a tangled mass |
taproot system | one thick long root with smaller roots branching off it |
root cap | protects the root from injury |
stem | carries substnces btwn the plants roots and leaves; provides support for the plant; and holds up the leaes so they get sunlight |
herbaceous stems | contain no wood and are soft |
woody stems | hard and rigid |
annual rings | represent a trees yearly growth; one pair of light and dark rings represents on years growth |
leaves | capture suns energey and carry-out photosythesis |
transpiration | process where water evaporates from a plants leaves |
gymnosperm | seed plant that produces naked seeds; have needle-like/scalelike leaves; deep growing root systems |
cycads | grow mainly in tropical and subtropical areas; look like plam trees with cones |
conifers | cone-bearing; largest most divers group of gymnosperms; keep their leaves |
ginkgoes | only one species alive today; tolerate air pollution |
gneopytes | live in hot desers and tropical rain forests; either trees shrubs or vines |
reproduction of gymnosperms | pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone; a sperm cell and egg cell join together in an ovule; the seed develops on the scale of the female cone |
angiosperms | have seeds protected in a fruit; produce flowers |
sepal | protects the deeloping flower |
petals | colorful; leaflike |
stamen | male reproductive part |
pistil | female part; found in the center of flowers; some flowers have two or more pistils |
stigma | sticky tip of the istil |
style | slender tube that connects the stigma to the ovary |
ovary | protects the seeds as they develop |
pollination of angiosperms | pollen falls on a flowers stigma; the sperm cell and egg cell join; the zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed |
monocot | flowers have petals in multiples of three; have long slender leaves with veins running parallel; bundles of vascular tissue in stems are usually scattered randomly |
dicots | have petals in either multiples of four or five; wide leaves veins branch out; stems have bundles of vasuclar tissue arranged in a ring |