Question | Answer |
Which line of defense provides specificity and long-term immunity? | acquired immunity provides specificity and long-term immunity |
List seven natural physical barriers to infection | skin, mucus, cilliated epithelial cells, |
List 5 specific factors of the body's natural immunity that reduce infection and explain how they reduce infection | mucus--traps airborne microbes, fluid flow--flushes out pathogens, GI tract--acid kills microbes, bodily secretions containing lysozyme--degrades bacterial cell walls, iron-binding proteins--prevent adequate nutrition for bacteria |
Where is lysozyme found and what does it do? | found in all bodily secretions--degrades bacterial cell walls |
How does complement kill microbes? | complement proteins circulate through body and bind to bacterial-bound antibodies--to bacterial polysaccharides to form membrane attack complex(C6-C7-C8-C-9) produce pores in bacterial membrane--leakage and lysis of microbe |
What are the functions of C3 and C5a? | chemotactic factors that recruit phagocytic cells to the site of infection |
What is the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), or neutrophils? | engulf and digest foreign matter |
How abundant are PMNs? | comprise 55% of all white blood cells |
what do PMNs and macrophages both have receptors for? | IgG antibodies and the C3b component of complement |
List some things that inhibit phagocytes | Low pH environments, poorly oxygenated tissue, and fluid-filled spaces inhibit phagocytes |
what host response do basophils and mast cells stimulate? | inflammation |
what agents do eosinophils help fight? | release toxins that fight organisms that are too large for phagocytes to ingest, such as worms |