Question | Answer |
Define Microorganism | too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
Define Germ | rapidly growing cell |
Carolus Linnaeus | Est. binomial nomenclature |
Types of microorganism | Bacteria,archaea,fungi,protozoa,algae,multicellualr animal parasites, viruses |
Bacteria | Prokaryotes- unicellular |
Bacterial shapes | Bacillus,coccus,spiral,stella |
bacterial cell wall | peptidoglycan |
Archaea | Prokaryotes- non pathogenic |
archaea wall | may or may not have a cell wall- no peptidoglycan |
main archaea groups | methanogen,halophiles,thermophiles |
Fungi | Eukaryotes |
fungi groups | yeast (uni), mold, mushroom (multi) |
Fungi cell wall | CHITIN |
Protozoa | Eukaryotes- unicellular |
Protozoa Moves | by pseudopods,flagella, or cilia |
Algae | Eukaryotes- uni/multicellular |
Algae Cell wall | Cellulose |
Helminths | Eukaryotes- multicellular |
Viruses | Acellular |
Characteristics of Viruses | so small need an electron microscope to view, simple,core contain DNA or RNA |
Virus Core | surrounded by protein coat |
Virus protein coat | may be encased by an additional layer "envelope" |
Carl Woese | devised the 3 domains |
Domain System | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
Robert Hooke | reported things were composed of boxes or cells. Marked beginning of cell theory |
Rudolf Virchow | Cells arise from preexisting cells "biogenesis" |
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek | 1st to observe live microorganisms "animalcules" |
Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis) | form of life could arise spontaneously from non living matter. |
Biogenesis | Living organisms arise from preexisting life |
Francisco Redi | BG- maggots do not arise from decaying meat |
John Needham | SG- uses nutrient broth poured into a covered flask = microbes |
Spallanzani | BG- challenged Needham |
Pasteur | BG- microbes can be present in non living matter, can be destroyed by heat, aseptic techniques can be used |
Bassi | proved silkworm disease was caused by fungus |
Semmelweis | demonstrated that hand washing prevented disease |
Lister | Knew phenol killed bacteria |
Koch | discovered the cause of anthrax- 1st to prove bacteria caused infections |
Koch's postualtes | sequence of experimental steps to relate a specific microbe to a specific disease. |
Ed Jenner | figured out that if you had cow pox you can't get small pox |
Modern Chemotherapy | treatment of disease w/ chemicals |
Snythetic drugs | Man-Made in a lab |
antibiotics | prepared naturally by bacteria & fungi |
P. Ehrlich | Magic bullet- hunt down and destroy pathogen w/o harming host. |
1st synthetic drug | salvarsan (salva(salvation) + arsen(arsenic) |
Salvarsan | used to treat syphyilis |
Fleming | mold contamination- named it penicillin |
Heidi Schulz | studied bacteriology -discovered T. namibiensis |
T. namibiensis | visible with unaided eye, consumes hydrogen sulfide |
Iwanowski | studied virology- reported a disease caused by tobacco |
Rebecca Lancefield | studied immunology- proposed serotyping for streptococci |
Interferons | protein released by animal cells, usually in reponse to the entry of a virus that has the property of inhibiting virus replication. |
Paul Berg | recombinant DNA |
Recombinant DNA | DNA made from 2 different sources |
Emerging Infectious Diseases | caused by prions, bacteria, protozoa, fungi,viruses |
West nile encephalitis | inflammation of brain (Uganda) |
Ebola | Fatal, natural reservoir unknown, (Ebola River) |
Hantavirus | Caused by virus called sin sombre, fatal, contagious, (Hantaan rover) |
AIDs | caused by HIV, destroys CD4 cells |
Cryptosporidiosis | Eukaryote, causes diarrhea, (wisconsin) |
Bovine Spongiform | Mad cow disease- caused by PRION (infectious protein) |
CJD | human type fo mad cow diease |
E.Coli O157:H7 | could be fatal, produces bloody diarrhea |
MRSA | penicillin resistant Staph aureus |