| Question | Answer |
| etiology | cause of disease |
| pathogenesis | mechanism of disease development |
| homeostasis | Cell maintains itself within narrow range of parameters |
| Pathology | Discipline bridging clinical practice and basic science |
| Pathology (GREEK) | Study (logos) of suffering (pathos) |
| Pathology studies: | Causes of disease and underlying mechanism |
| Two kinds of cell death | a. necrosis and b. apoptosis |
| Necrosis | Many causes; inflammation, etc., but appears in response to stress |
| Hypertrophy | Increase in size of individual cells |
| Hypertrophy ex. | Myocardium--heart has hypertension, cells enlarge to handle increased load |
| atrophy | Decrease in size |
| Necrosis -4 methods | ischemia, toxin exposure, infection, trauma |
| Necrosis-characteristics | severe cell damage; loss of cell contents, pathological process |
| apoptosis-characterstics | active cell death-not associated with pathologic cell injury |
| hypoxia -4 kinds | Ischemia, anoxia, cellular responses, reperfusion injury |
| Ischemia | Loss of blood supply from impeded arterial flow |
| Anoxia | Absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues. |
| Reperfusion Injury | myocardial impairment, usually with arrhythmia, following the opening of arterial blockage and considered to be due to oxygen-derived free radicals. |
| Chemical injury to cells 5 | Lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury - street drugs |
| Etiology -2 | 1. The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation. |
| Anaphylactic reaction | An induced systemic or generalized sensitivity; at times the term anaphylaxis is used for anaphylactic shock. The term is commonly used to denote the clinical reaction seen with system IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Multivalent antigen crosslinks |
| Free radicals | 1. an atom or atom group having an unpaired electron on an oxygen atom, typically derived from molecular oxygen. For example, 1-electron reduction of O2 produces the superoxide radical, Ō2·; other examples include the hydroperoxyl radical (HOO·), the hydr |
| Free radicals / reactive oxygen species | electrically uncharged atom - or group of atoms having an unpaired electron |
| What do free radicals do? | a. Lipid peroxidation b. alteration of proteins c. alteration of DNA d. mechanisms for the inactivation of free readical |
| Inactivation of free radicals | Because free radical generation is a normal part of respiration, cells must have a way to handle--they are unstable and decay spontaneously |
| Lipid peroxidation | In liver--carbon tetrachloride converted to free radical in liver; "fatty liver" from cellular breakdown |
| Phagocytosis-by scavenger white blood cells | 1. The process of ingestion and digestion by cells of solid substances, other cells, bacteria, bits of necrotic tissue, foreign particles |
| metaplasia | Reversible change-adult cells are "replaced" by another cell type |
| Metaplasia - ex. | In lungs of smokers, normal cells are replaced by "squamous" cells which are thought to be hardy--but they can continue to transform into cancer cells |
| creatine kinase- what does is mean when found in circulation? | Cardiac muscle contains it--it it's circulating in blood, indicates injury to heart |
| Two phenomena which characterize irreversible cell damage | 1.) Mitochondrial dysfunction (lack of oxidative phophorylation & ATP Generation) and 2.) development of profound disturbance in cell membrane |
| Four causes of membrane damage | a.) loss of membrane phospholipids |
| phospholipids | any of numerous lipids (as lecithins and phosphatidylethanolamines) in which phosphoric acid as well as a fatty acid is esterified to glycerol and which are found in all living cells and in the bilayers of cell membranes |
| Cytoskeletal abnormalities are caused by... | Activation of proteases by increased intracellular calcium |
| protease | any of numerous enzymes that hydrolyze proteins and are classified according to the most prominent functional group (as serine or cysteine) |
| Toxic oxygen radicals | Cell death - during reperfusion, partially reduced oxygen species are highly toxic |
| Cell death - lipid breakdown products | Accumulate in ischemic cells & have a detergent effect on membranes |
| autophagy | digestion of cellular constituents by enzymes of the same cell |
| hyperplasia | increase in number of cells |
| plasia | development : formation <dysplasia> <heteroplasia> |
| morphology | the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts |
| cytokine | any of a class of immunoregulatory proteins (as interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon) that are secreted by cells especially of the immune system |
