Question | Answer |
The word root "homeo"... | Same |
The word root "hetero"... | Different |
An informed, uncertain, but testable idea... | Hypothesis |
Structure that can be observed with the naked eye... | Gross anatomy |
Study of cells... | Cytology |
Study of tissues... | Histology |
Simplest structures considered to be alive are... | Cells |
The urethra is found in the __ region of the abdomen... | Hypogastric |
Organ system concerning the skin... | Integumentary |
Self-amplifying chain of physiological events... | Positive feedback system |
Feet flat on the floor and together, forearms supinated, arms down at the sides... | Anatomical position |
Studying the anatomy of an object/organism by touch... | Palpation |
The heart is ___ to the lungs... | Medial |
The sum of all chemical reactions taking place within the body at one time... | Metabolism |
The greater omentum is ___ to the small intestine... | Superficial |
The esophagus is ___ to the trachea... | Posterior |
Organ system that regulates blood volume, controls acid-base balance and stimulates red blood cell production... | Urinary system |
Words composed of the first letter or few letters of a series of words... | Acronyms |
Study of structure... | Anatomy |
Study of function... | Physiology |
Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery have replaced the ___ of the past, which was often very risky and resulted in death due to infection(s)... | Exploratory surgery |
Much of what we know about body function today has been gained through ___... | Comparative physiology |
Single, complete individual and the largest level in the hierarchy of complexity... | Organism |
Masses of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and perform a specific function... | Tissues |
Theory which refers to the fact that the whole organism cannot be fully explained by the actions of it's parts... | Holism |
Theory which explains that a large, complex system such as the human body can be better understood by studying it's simpler components... | Reductionism |
Changes in DNA structure/sequence... | Mutations |
Cutting and separating tissue to reveal structural relationships... | Dissection |
Invented many components of the compound microscope and named the tiny "compartments" he observed "cells"... | Robert Hooke |
Composed of lipids and proteins; surrounds the cellular components... | Plasma membrane |
Major features of human anatomy have been given standard international names prescribed by the ___.... | Terminologia anatomica |
Physiological effects of a person's mental state are called ___ effects... | Psychosomatic |
Fine detail, down to the molecular level... | Ultrastructure |
Rejected all eponyms and gave each structure unique Latin name(s) used world-wide... | Nomina anatomica |
Tendency of the body to maintain stable internal conditions... | Homeostasis |
Transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a specific task... | Differentiation |
Self-correcting mechanisms in physiology are called ___ loops | Negative feedback |
Terms coined from the names of people... | Eponyms |
Most cellular membranes are made by the... | Endoplasmic reticulum |
Membrane carriers resemble enzymes except for the fact that ___ do not chemically change their ligands... | Carriers |
Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that promote... | Osmosis |
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules are all part of the... | Cytoskeleton |
Human cells will swell or shrink in any solution other than a(n) ___ one.... | Isotonic |
___ endocytosis is more selective form of either phagocytosis or pinocytosis... | Receptor-mediated |
Process by which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane.... | Filtration |
Gates in the plasma membrane open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane... | Voltage-gated channels |
Process by which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure... | Reverse osmosis |
A concentrated solution that causes a cell to shrink is ___ to the cell... | Hypertonic |
A diluted solution that cases a cell to swell is ___ to the cell... | Hypotonic |
Difference in concentration between one point and another... | Concentration gradient |
Gates in the plasma membrane that open or close when a chemical binds to them... | Liganed-gated channels |
Fusion of a secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane, and release of it's contents, is called.... | Exocytosis |
Both ___ and peroxisomes allow liver cells to detoxify alcohol and other such substances... | Smooth ER |
Perforate nuclear envelope and allow limited molecular traffic through the membrane... | Nuclear pores |
Network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, etc. | Cytoskeleton |
Composed of carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins... | Glycocalyx |
Ability of a microscope to reveal detail... | Resolution |
Force exerted on a membrane by water... | Hydrostatic pressure |
Side of membrane facing the cytoplasm... | Intracellular face |
Side of the cellular membrane facing the tissue fluid... | Extracellular face |
Hydrostatic pressure required on one side to halt the process of osmosis... | Osmotic pressure |
Space enclosed by the unit membrane of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum... | Cisternae |
Both the nucleus and the ___ are surrounded by a double unit membrane... | Mitochondria |
When a hormone cannot enter a cell, it activates the formation of a(n) ___ inside the cell... | Second messenger |
Clear, structure-less gel in a cell... | Cytosol |
The sodium-potassium pump is a(n)... | Transmembrane protein |
Cells specialized for absorption of matter from the ECF are likely to show an abundance of... | Microvilli |
The function of cAMP in a cell is to... | Activate kinases |
Type of transport that can occur only in a living cell... | Active transport |
The cotransport of glucose derives it's energy from the ___ concentration gradient of the cell... | Sodium |
PRocess of imbibing ECF in which the plasma membrane sinks in and pinches off small vesicles containing droplets of fluid... | Pinocytosis |
Fine thread like material composed of DNA and protein found within the nucleus... | Chromatin |
Inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called ___ which project like shelves into the matrix... | Cristae |
The process by which lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non-vital organelles and other cell components in order to cycle nutrients within the cell... | Autophagy |
A carrier that performs cotransport... | Symport |
ATP is required in order for this type of transport to occur... | Active transport |
Hairlike projections along the cell surface which play a sensory role and function in locomotion... | Cilia |
Direct transport of solute particles by an ATP-using membrane pump... | Primary active transport |
Movement of material without the aid of ATP... | Passive transport |
Long, single whip-like projection used primarily in movement... | Flagella |
Net flow of water through a membrane from high to low concentration... | Osmosis |
Process of eliminating material from a cell by means of a vesicle fusing with plasma membrane and releasing it's contents... | Exocytosis |
Transport of solute particles by a carrier that does not in itself use ATP but depends on concentration gradients produced by primary active transport... | Secondary active transport |
Transport of two or more different solutes in opposite directions... | Countertransport |
Unpaired centrioles at the base of a cilium or flagellum... | Basal body |
Two or more solutes being transported in the same direction... | Cotransport |
Short, densely-packed hair-like processes of scattered bumps o the cell surface; sensory and absorptive functions... | Microvilli |
Vesicular transport of particles into a cell... | Endocytosis |
Sacs produced by the Golgi apparatus which contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, etc. | Lysosomes |
Multiple layers of somewhat squarish, plump cells... | Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
___ epithelium is found in areas requiring flexibility such as the urinary system... | Trasitional |
Type of connective tissue used for energy storage, thermal insulation and heat production... | Adipose |
The ectoderm and mesoderm are both... | Primary germ layers |
Most abundant formed element in blood... | Erythrocytes |
Erythrocytes are also known as... | Red blood cells |
Connections between one cell and another... | Cell junctions |
Single layer of square to almost rounded cells... | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
External surface of the stomach is covered by a ___... | Serosa |
Encircle epithelial cells, joining each cell securely to the other... | Tight junctions |
The collagen of areolar tissue is produced by... | Fibroblasts |
Tendons are composed of ___ connective tissue... | Dense regular |
Shape of the external ear is due to... | Elastic cartilage |
Most abundant and only significant adipose tissue of the adult body... | Yellow fat |
Separates the upper layers of epithelial tissue from the connective tissue below, within the skin... | Basement membrane |
Occur in small numbers in mature organs/tissues through a person's life and have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types... | Adult stem cells |
Fount in fetuses; store lipids in the form of multiple globules rather than one large one; quick and easy breakdown... | Brown fat |
Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function... | Stem cells |
Relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix... | Cartilage |
Premature, pathological tissue death... | Necrosis |
Artificial production of tissue and organs in the lab for implantation... | Tissue engineering |
Osseous tissue... | Bone |
Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same cell type present beforehand... | Regeneration |
Replacement of dead or damaged cells with scar tissue... | Fibrosis |
Programmed cell death... | Apoptosis |
Most abundant, widely distributed and variable tissue in the body... | Connective tissue |
Hereditary defect in elastin which tends to show up as hyper-extensible joints, vision problems, abnormally long limbs and tall stature... | Marfan syndrome |
Tissue growth through cell multiplication... | Hyperplasia |
Muscles that are not exercised exhibit disuse ___ and their cells become smaller... | Atrophy |
Fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular vessels carrying nutrients throughout the body... | Blood |
Occupies the 'empty space' within a tissue... | Ground substance |
Basis for excitation... | Membrane potential |
Constitute most of the volume of the nervous tissue... | Glial cells |
Densely packed, parallel and often wavy collagen fibers... | Dense regular connective tissue |
Found in the heart... | Cardiac muscle |
Gland which maintains contact with surface/cavity by means of a duct... | Exocrine |
Gland which releases secretion by exocytosis... | Merocrine |
Glandular secretion contains the product and the disintegrated cellular parts... | Holocrine |
Lacks striations and is voluntary... | Smooth muscle |
Loose network of reticular fibers and cells, infiltrated with numerous leukocytes... | Reticular tissue |
Product of a gland which is beneficial to the body.... | Secretion |
Type of gland which releases products into the blood stream; has no duct... | Endocrine |
Waste product removed by means of a gland... | Excretion |
Abnormal redness of the skin... | Erythema |
Brownish black form of melanin... | Eumelanin |
Bruise... | Hematoma |
Cancer-causing radiation which leaks through our ozone layer and can be a culprit in skin cancer... | Ultraviolet radiation |
Covers the body and provides a barrier to pathogens and to excessive water loss... | Skin |
Dilating of blood vessels; plays a role in relieving body of excess heat... | Vasodilation |
Genetic lack of melanin... | Albinism |
Immune cells of the epidermis... | Dendritic cells |
Majority of epidermal cells... | Keratinocytes |
Needed for bone development and maintenance; skin is the first step of its synthesis... | Vitamin D |
Red pigment of blood... | Hemoglobin |
Reddish-yellow form of melanin... | Pheomelanin |
Scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system... | Dermatology |
Tough protein which fills the upper epidermal cells forming a water-proof barrier... | Keratin |
Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to the keratinocytes... | Stem cells |
___ sweating is sweating without noticeable wetness of the skin while maintaining a normal body temperature... | Insensible |
A(n) ___ burn destroys the entire dermis... | Third degree |
A hair is nourished by blood vessels in a connective tissue projections called the ___... | Dermal papillae |
A muscle that causes a hair to stand on end in a "fight or flight" sort of response... | Piloerector muscle |
Cells which synthesis melanin and aid in the overall production of pigmentation... | Melanocytes |
Blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration of the blood... | Cyanosis |
Cerumen... | Earwax |
The ___ consists mainly of a single layer of cuboidal to columnar stem cells and keratinocytes rising from the basement membrane.. | Stratum basale |
Hairs grow only during the ___ phase of the hair cycle... | Anagen |
Composed of clumps of dander stuck together by sebum... | Dandruff |
Holocrine glands that secrete into a hair follicle... | Sebaceous glands |
Process of removing burned skin from a burn patient... | Debridement |
Condition in which hair is lost from select regions of the scalp rather than thinning uniformly... | Pattern baldness |
Cells of this layer are keratinized and dead... | Stratum corneum |
The ___ is formed at the point where epidermal cells pass from stratum spinosum to stratum granulosum... | Epidermal water barrier |
Skin condition/appearance which most likely results from liver malfunction... | Jaundice |
Hair on a 6-year old child's arm is most likely... | Vellus hair |
Scent gland... | Apocrine gland |
Skin cells with a sensory role... | Tactile cells |
Skin cells with an immune system role... | Dendritic cells |
Gland which plays a role in the sense of hearing... | Ceruminous glands |
Most common type of skin cancer... | Basale cell carcinoma |
Burns which involve the epidermis and just part of the dermis... | Second degree |
The femur is an example of a ___ bone... | Long |
The vertebrae are great examples of ___ bones... | Irregular |
The reduction in calcium excretion, increase intestinal calcium absorption and increased calcitrol synthesis are all effects of ... | PTH |
Poor nutrition, lack of vitamin D and lack of exercise are all risk factors of ... | Osteoporosis |
Have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid... | Osteoclasts |
Forms blood cells and platelets... | Blood marrow |
___ give bones rigidity and mild flexion which helps them to support weight and not shatter... | Collagen fibers |
A ___ is a common sign of osteoporosis... | Wrist fracture |
One long bone meets another at it's ___... | Epiphysis |
Osteoclasts are most closely related, by common descent, to... | Blood cells |
The marrow cavity of an adult bone may contain... | Myeloid tissue |
A spurt of growth in puberty results from cell proliferation and hypertrophy in the... | Epiphyseal plate |
The walls between cartilage lacunae break down in the zone of... | Bone deposition |
Thin layer of reticular connective tissue which lines the internal marrow cavity.. | Endosteum |
Tiny cavities that contain the osteocytes... | Lacunae |
Stem cells which develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells... | Osteogenic cells |
Calcium phosphate crystallizes in bone as a mineral known as... | Hydroxyapatite |
Tiny channels through which each osteocyte has contact to the cells around it... | Canaliculi |
Addition of cells to the surface... | Appositional growth |
Seed crystals of hydroxyapatite from only when the levels of Ca and P in the tissue fluid exceed what's known as the ___ | Solubility product |
Calcium deficiency... | Hypocalcemia |
Cells that secrete collagen and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition... | Osteoblasts |
Most active form of Vitamin D produced mainly by the kidneys... | Calcitrol |
Bone is often referred to as a ___, a combination of two basic structure materials that combine the optimal properties of each... | Composite |
Transitional region between the epiphyseal cartilage and primary marrow cavity of a young bone... | Metaphysis |
Softening of the bones sometimes experienced by pregnant or poorly nourished women... | Osteomalacia |
Condition in which long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood while other bone growth is unaffected... | Achondroplasia dwarfism |
Growth from withing by the multiplication and deposition of new cells in the interior matrix... | Interstitial growth |
Former osteoblasts... | Osteocytes |
Calcified epiphyseal plate... | Ephiphyseal line |
Formation of bone is called ossification or ___... | Osteogenesis |
Spongy bone consists of a lattice of delicate slivers of bone called spicules and ___... | Trabeculae |
___ marrow is found in adults and no longer produces blood. | Yellow |
The trabeculae of spongy bone orient themselves along lines of ___ applied by the weight of the body and it's movements... | Mechanical stress |
The ___ is the basic structural unit of compact bone... | Osteon |
Collagen fibers from the periosteum which become continuous with that of the tendons binding muscle to bone... | Perforating fibers |
Adult form of rickets... | Osteomalacia |
Break in the bone weakened by some other disease/disorder... | Pathological fracture |
Carpals and tarsals are ___ bones... | Short |
Central cavity found in a long bone... | Medullary cavity |
Composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments... | Skeletal system |
Connective tissue in which matrix is hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals... | Osseous tissue |
Covers surface of the bone which is part of a joint... | Articular cartilage |
Fracture caused by abnormal trauma to a bone... | Stress fracture |
Minute holes penetrating the bone... | Nutrient foramina |
Shaft of the bone... | Diaphysis |
Sheath which covers the external portion of a bone... | Periosteum |
Spongy layer of bone in the cranium... | Diploe |
Sternum and shoulder blade... | Flat bones |
Study of bone... | Osteology |
Layers of matrix which is secreted in concentric patterns... | Lamellae |
___ vertebrae do NOT have transverse foramina. | Thoracic |
The leg, which extends from knee to ankle | Crural region |
Most distinctive features include a thick stout body and blunt, squarish spinous process for attachment of muscles... | Lumbar vertebrae |
The tubercle of a rib articulates with the ___ of a vertebrae | Transverse process |
The bone that supports your body weight when you are sitting down is the... | Ischium |
The disc-shaped head of the radius articulates with the ___ of the humerus. | Capitulum |
Region of the skeleton which consists of the bones providing structure to the body's torso. | Axial |
The region of the skeleton which consist of the bones of the appendages and their attachments to the torso. | Appendicular |
The most complex part of the skeleton, with a total of twenty-two bones. | Skull |
Immovable joints which join the bones of the skull together. | Sutures |
Bones that are included in the skull and lie anterior to the cranial cavity. | Facial |
Supports body weight and allows for movement of our upper torso and head | Vertebral column |
Supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton | Pectoral girdle |
Most commonly fractures bone in the body. | Clavicle |
Point of the shoulder is due to the ___, a projection of the scapula. | Acromion |
Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the shoulder blade. | Humerus |
Has a trochlear notch which articulates with the trochlea of the humerus. | Ulna |
Lateral forearm bone | Radius |
The thumb | Pollex |
Marks the front portion of our pelvic girdle, where two pelvic bones come together. | Pubic symphysis |
The femur meets the ___ to form the knee joint. | Tibia |
Bony outgrowth or protruding part | Protuberance |
Rough elevated surface | Tuberosity |
Rounded knob that articulates with another bone | Head |
Shallow, broad or elongated basin | Fossa |
Small pit | Fovea |
Smooth, flat and slightly concave/convex articular surface | Facet |
Air filled space in a bone | Sinus |
Two massive processes unique to the femur | Trochanters |
Funnybone | Humeral epicondyle |
Attached to the thorax only my muscles | Scapula |
Bones of fingers and toes | Phalanges |
Leg bone which does not bear any of the body's weight | Fibula |
Longest and strongest bone of the body | Femur |
Medial forearm bone | Ulna |
Shin bone | Tibia |
Supports arm and links it to the axial skeleton | Pectoral girdle |
Lateral forearm bone | Radius |
Canal through a bone | Meatus |