Question | Answer | aka | actions | ex |
kinesiology | the study of motion or human movement | | | |
biomechanics | the study of mechanical forces as they relate to functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems | | | |
structural kinesiology | the study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement; involves skeletal and muscular structures whose sizes and shapes allow or limit movement | | | |
anatomical position | standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, with palms facing forward; most commonly used | | | |
fundamental position | standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, with palms facing the body and arms at the side | | | |
volar | relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot | | | |
sagittal plane | divides the body into equal, bilateral segments (right and left halves) | anteroposterior plane (ap) | | |
frontal plane | divides the body into anterior and posterior segments (front and back halves) | lateral or coronal plane | | |
transverse plane | divides the body into superior and inferior segments in anatomical position (top and bottom halves) | axial or horizontal plane | | |
frontal axis | runs medial to lateral. runs from side to side at a right angle to the sagittal plane of motion (parallel to the frontal plane of motion) | coronal, lateral, or mediolateral axis | flexion and extension movements | |
sagittal axis | runs anterior to posterior. runs from front to back at a right angle to the frontal plane of motion (parallel to the sagittal plane of motion) | anteroposterior axis | abduction and adduction movements | |
vertical axis | runs superior to inferior. runs straight down through top or head and is at a right angle to the transverse plane of motion | long or longitudinal axis | internal rotation and external rotation movements | |
diarthrodial joints | sleevelike joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity | synovial or freely moveable joint | | |
ginglymus joint | uniaxial articulation that allows movement in only one plane | hinge joint | | elbow or knee |
trochoid joint | uniaxial articulation | pivot joint | | |
condyloid joint | biaxial ball and socket joint, concave meets convex | knuckle joint | | metacarpal-phalanx |
enarthrodial joint | multiaxial or triaxial ball and socket joint, round head meets concave | (true) ball and socket joint | | hip and shoulder joints |
sellar joint | unique triaxial joint with reciprocally concave and convex | saddle joint | | |
circumduction | circular movement that delineates an arc or describes a cone | circumflexion | flexion, extension, abduction and adduction | |
pronation | internal rotation of the radius resulting in a palm-down forearm or the combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion and forefoot abduction | | | |
supination | external rotation of the radius resulting in a palm-up forearm or the combination of plantar flexion, subtalar inversion and forefoot adduction | pigeontoe | | |
lateral flexion | movement of head and or trunk laterally away from midline | abduction of the spine | | |
reduction | return of spinal column to anatomical position from lateral flexion | adduction of the spine | | |
(skeletal) muscle contraction | to create body and joint movements, protect, support, and produce heat | | | |
muscle action | concentric contraction of muscles across a joint causing specific movement of the joint, usually by a group of muscles | | | |
muscle innervation | one nerve innervates multiple muscles or parts of muscles, or more than one nerve innervates a muscle | | | |
muscle gaster | the central and contractile part of a muscle | muscle belly or body | | |
muscle origin | most stable attachment of a muscle; closest to midline or center of body | proximal | | |
muscle insertion | most moveable attachment; farthest from midline or center of body | distal | | |
muscle cross section diameter | greater size indicates greater force exertion | muscle size | | |
muscle length | longer muscles can more effectively move joints through larger range of motion | | | |
parallel (muscle fiber arrangement) | fibers arranged along the length of the muscle; more ROM | | | |
pennate (muscle fiber arrangement) | fibers arranged obliquely, featherlike to tendon; more power | | | |
flat muscles | thin and broad parallel muscles that originate from an aponeuroses | | spread force(s) over a broad area | rectus abdominus, external obliques |
fusiform muscles | spindle-shaped parallel muscles that have a central belly and taper off to tendons at each end | | focuses power on small, bony area(s) | brachialis, biceps brachii |
strap muscles | parallel muscles that have a uniform(ish) diameter | | focuses power on small, bony area(s) | sartorius |
radiate muscles | triangular parallel muscles that originate on a broad aponeuroses and converge onto a tendon; combination of flat and fusiform arrangements | | | pectoralis major, trapezius |
sphincter muscles | strap muscles arranged circularly around openings | | close openings during contraction | orbicularis oris |
unipennate muscles | fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side | | | biceps femoris, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior |
bipennate muscles | fibers run obliquely from both sides of a central tendon | | | rectus femoris, flexor hallucis longus |
multi-pennate muscles | fibers run diagonally between several tendons, producing a weaker contraction than other pennate types | | | deltoid |
irritability | sensitivity to chemical, electrical or mechanical stimuli | | | |
contractility | ability to contract and develop tension against resistance when stimulated | | | |
extensibility | ability to be stretched back to original length following contraction | | | |
elasticity | ability to return to original length following stretching | | | |
isometric muscle contraction | static contraction; muscle tension to maintain joint angle in a stable position | same length | prevents movement by external forces | |
isotonic muscle contraction | dynamic contraction; muscle tension causes (or controls) joint angle change | same tension | | |
concentric contraction | positive isotonic contraction; muscle shortens as it develops tension to move against resistance | | | |
eccentric contraction | negative isotonic contraction; muscle lengthens under tension to control descent of resistance | | | |
isokinetic contraction | dynamic exercise with isotonic contraction(s) while maintaining movement speed | same motion/speed | | biodex, cybex, lido |
CNS stimulation | cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord | | | |
PNS sensory neurons | afferent neurons conduct signals from receptors to the CNS | afferent neurons | | |
CNS neurons | interneurons transmit between sensory neurons and CNS and CNS and motor neurons | assosciation neurons | | |
PNS motor neurons | efferent neurons conduct signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) | efferent neurons | | |
sarcomere | smallest functional unit of muscle; made of sarcoplasm, transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum | | | |
myofilament | units that compose myofibrils (in sarcomere); actin and myosin | | | |
I band | no myosin | | | |
A band | myosin | | | |
H zone | no actin | | | |
Z line | actin | | | |
sarcoplasm | contains stored glycogen and myoglobin | | | |
transverse tubules | pathway to muscle | | | |
sarcoplasmic reticulum | storage site for calcium | | | |
myosin ATPase | enzyme used to cause myosin head to detach from actin filament | | | |
actin filament | troponin on tropomyosin receive calcium, blocking the active site (actin) | | | |
node of ranvier | allows nerve signal to jump down axon, increasing speed of transmission with saltatory conduction | | | |
all-or-none principle | activated motor nerve contracts all fibers it innervates | | | |
sliding filament theory | chemical process triggering the release of energy to the crossbridge of myosin and actin filaments; 11 steps | | | |
size principle | an orderly recruitment of motor units related to neuron size, in which smaller units take less stimulus to activate | | | |
kinesthesis | the conscious awareness of position and movement of the body in space | | | |
proprioceptors | sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and tension, which is integrated to give information about the position of a limb in space | | | muscle spindles and GTOs |
proprioception | subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement by responding to stimuli originating in proprioceptors of the joints, tendons, muscles and inner ear | | | |
muscle spindle | monitors and controls muscle length; mostly run parallel to fibers in muscle belly | | myotatic reflex and reciprocal inhibition | |
myotatic (stretch) reflex | stretching muscle contracts; an impulse is sent to the CNS after a rapid muscle stretch and the CNS activates a motor neuron of the muscle to cause it to contract | | | knee-jerk, quick short squat before a jump` |
reciprocal inhibition | opposing muscle relaxes | | | |
golgi tendon organ (gto) | proprioceptor in tendon near junction with muscle; protects from excessive stretch by causing muscle contraction | | | |
golgi tendon reflex | an impulse is sent to CNS when gto meets stretch threshold, so the CNS sends a signal for the muscle to relax and protectively activates antagonist muscles | | | |
length - tension relationship | amount of tension a muscle is capable of depends on the muscle's length before it is stimulated | | | |
mechanical advantage | load divided by effort | resistance/force, or (force arm length)/(resistance arm length) | | |
levers | most common machine in the body; rotate around an axis as a result of force (effort, E) being applied to cause its movement against a resistance or weight | | | |
wheel-axles | rotate about an axis due to force to cause movement against resistance, but primarily to enhance ROM and speed of movement | | | |
pulleys | function to change effective direction of force application | | | |
lever | a rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum | | | bones |
point (f) | the effort arm, where force is applied | | | contraction at muscle insertion |
point (r) | the center of gravity of the lever, where external resistance is applied | | | |
axis (a) | the fulcrum; the point of rotation about which the lever moves in the body | | | joints |
first class lever | FAR | | balanced movement if A midway between F and R; ROM and speed if A is closer to F; force production if A is closer to R | A closer to F: triceps in elbow extension |
second class lever | ARF (few in human body) | | force production | raising the body up on the toes (plantar flexion) |
third class lever | AFR (most common in human body) | | ROM and speed | elbow flexion (*brachialis) |
torque | force magnitude * force arm; the turning effect of an eccentric force applied to (non-)fixed axis in a direction not in line with the object's center of gravity | | | |
fixed axis | contracting muscles apply eccentric force to attached bone and cause it to rotate about an axis at the joint, in a direction not in line with the object's center of rotation | | | |
force arm | perpendicular distance between location of F and A. as length increases, torque increases, making it easier to move a relatively large R | moment arm or torque arm | | |
resistance arm | distance between the A and the point of R application | | | |
force arm and force magnitude | as FA increases, FM decreases to move constant RA and R | | | |
resistance arm and resistance | resistance arm decreases as resistance increases if FM and FA are constant | | | |
resistance components and force components | as RA and R increase, F and FA increase | | | |
first class levers and FA, F, RA, R | FA and R are inversely proportional to F | | | |
second class levers and mechanical advantage | MA increases when R is closer to A; force is more effective when R is closer to F | | | |
third class levers and point of force application (F) | need more F than R because RA is longer than FA. if F is closer to A than more ROM and speed. if F is closer to R, than less force is needed | | | |
torque and lever arm lengths | human system is built for ROM and speed at expense of F; need more F to move when FA is short and RA is long | | | |
lever length and velocity | as length increases, lever can more effectively impart velocity | | | |
lever length and linear force | increase together, allowing better performance in some sports | | | |
wheel and axle: fulcrum | center of wheel and axle | | | |
wheel and axle: force arms | radius of wheel and axle | | | |
wheel and axle: mechanical advantage | wheel radius/axle radius | | | |
wheel and axle: speed advantage | if force is applied to the axle than the outside of the wheel will travel faster and farther than the axle by the MA | | | rotator cuff applies force to humerus (a) and hand and wrist (w) travel far and fast |
pulleys | function to change effective direction of force application; can be combined to increase MA | | | lateral malleolus transmits force to plantar aspect of foot for eversion and plantar flexion |
kinematics | description of motion that includes time, displacement, velocity, acceleration and space | | | |
kinetics | study of forces assocaited with the motion of the body | | | |
dynamics | study of systems in motion with acceleration; system is unbalanced due to unequal forces acting on the body | | | |
linear motion | motion along a line | translatory motion | | |
rectilinear | motion along a straight line | | | |
curvilinear | motion along a curved line | | | |
linear displacement | distance that a system moves in a straight line | | | |
angular motion | rotation around an axis (joint); produces the linear motion of walking | rotary motion | | |
angular displacement | change in location of a rotating body | | | |
displacement | distance from object's original point of reference | | | |
law of inertia | a body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force | | | |
inertia and human movement | muscles produce the force to change the amount and direction of motion; the body segment tends to maintain the current state of motion | | | |
factors affecting inertia | as mass increases, inertia increases, and more force is needed to significantly change inertia | | | |
energy cost | steady pace and direction conserves energy; irregularly paced/ directed activity is very costly to energy reserves | | | |
law of acceleration | acceleration is affected by mass, direction of generating force, and speed of body part imparting force | f=m*a | | |
law of reaction | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction | | | |
action force | force we impart onto surface | | | |
ground reaction force | surface's force due to action force | | | easier to run on track than on sand |
friction | force created by the resistance of two objects moving upon one another | | | increases for running, decreases for swimming |
coefficient of friction | force needed to overcome the friction over force holding the surfaces together | | | force to push a boulder |
rolling friction | resistance to an object rolling across a surface; rf | | | |
equilibrium | state of zero acceleration where there is no change in the speed or direction of the body | | | |
static equilibrium | body is at rest or completely motionless | | | |
dynamic equilibrium | all applied and inertial forces acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction | | | |
balance | ability to control equilibrium (static or dynamic) | | | |
stability | resistance to a change in body acceleration or equilibrium | | | |
center of gravity (COG) | point at which all of body's mass and weight are equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions | | | |
force | produced by muscles to cause change in the position of a body segment, the entire body, or some object; many activities require a summation of forces | | | |
momentum | mass*velocity; increases when resistance to change in inertia or state of motion increases; may be altered by impulse | | | |
impulse | force*time | | | |
hip joint | teres ligament attaches femoral head to acetabulum of pelvic girdle and slightly limits adduction | acetabulofemoral joint | | |
pelvic girdle | right and left pelvic bones, joined posteriorly by the sacrum and anteriorly by the pubic symphysis | | | |
muscles that originate on the anterior pelvis | tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, rectus femoris | hip flexors | | |
muscles that originate on the posterior pelvis | gluteus maximus, hamstrings | hip extensors | | |
muscles that insert on the patella | quadriceps | | | |
pubic symphysis | anterior connection between pelvic bones; amphiarthrodial joint | | | |
sacroiliac joint | posterior connection between the sacrum and the right or left pelvic bones | | | |
hip diagonal adduction | combinatino of adduction and flexion | | | |
hip diagonal abduction | combinatino of abduction and extension | | | |
anterior pelvic rotation | iliac crest tilts forward in a sagittal plane | anterior tilt | | |
posterior pelvic rotation | iliac crest tilts backward in a sagittal plane | posterior tilt | | |
left transverse pelvic rotation | pelvis rotates to body's right; left iliac crest moves anteriorly while right iliac crest moves posteriorly | | | |
right transverse pelvic rotation | pelvis rotates to body's left; right iliac crest moves anteriorly, while left iliac crest moves posteriorly | | | |
tibiofemoral joint | hinge joint; femoral condyles articulate with tibial condyles | trochoginglymus because of rotation during flexion | | |
patellofemoral joint | arthrodial joint; gliding of patella on femoral condyles | | | |
patella | sesamoid bone imbedded in quadriceps and patellar tendon; improves angle of pull by acting as a pulley, causing greater mechanical advantage in knee extension | | | |
knee: static stability | provided by ligaments: MCL, ACL, PCL, LCL | | | |
knee: dynamic stability | provided by contraction of quadriceps and hamstrings | | | |
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) | crosses within knee between tibia and femur to maintain anterior and rotary (static) stability; commonly injured | | | |
acl injury | caused by noncontact rotary forces, hyperextension, violent quadricep contraction pulling tibia forward on femur, or direct impact at front of thigh on when leg is stable | | | |
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) | crosses within knee between tibia and femur to maintain posterior and rotary (static) stability; prevents femur from sliding off tibia anteriorly | | | |
pcl injury | caused by direct contact to a flexed knee; not a common injury | | | |
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL) | maintains lateral stability (static); not commonly injured | | | |
tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL) | maintains medial static stability by resisting valgus force or preventing knee from being abducted; common injury in contact sports | | | |
q angle | higher in females; associated with some knee problems | | | |
excessive ankle inversion | most common sprain; usually ATF ligament tears | | | |
types of ankle sprains | type 3 is most severe | | | |
shin splints | common name for conditions resulting in pain along or just behind the tibia | | | |
supination | combination of ankle plantar flexion, inversion and adduction | toe in | | |
pronation | combination of ankle dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction | toe out | | |
vertebral column | 33 total; 24 articulating | | | |
lordosis | excessive posterior concavity of lumbar or cervical curves | | | |
ribs | 12 pairs: 7 true; 5 false, 3 pairs attach indirectly to the sternum, 2 floating pairs | | | |
atlantooccipital joint | first vertebral joint; allows capital flexion and extension | | | |
atlantoaxial joint | most cervial rotation occurs here; atlas sits on axis | | | |
proximal carpal row (radial to ulnar) | scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform | | | |
distal carpal row (radial to ulnar) | trapezuim, trapezoid, capitate, hamate | | | |
carpal tunnel syndrome | inflammation of and pressure on the median nerve due to repetitive motions | | | |
acromioclavicular joint | often injured arthrodial joint supported by coracoclavicular ligaments | | | |
rotator cuff injury causes | strenuous circumduction, shoulder dislocation, hard fall/blows, repetitive motion in a position above horizontal; supraspinatus is most commonly injured | | | |
shoulder injury causes | shallowness of glenoid fossa, laxity of ligaments for ROM, lack of strength and endudurance in shoulder muscles | | | |
"tommy john procedure" | tendon graft associated with the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) | | | |
"tennis elbow" | lateral epicondylitis | | | |
"golfer's elbow" | medial epicondylitis | | | |
2-joint (leg) muscles | most effective when origin or insertion is stabilized or muscle is lengthened | | | sartorius, hamstrings, rectus femoris |
ligaments | tough, non-elastic capsule thickenings that provide additional support against abnormal movement or joint opening | | | |
arthrodial joint | two plane or flat bony surfaces | gliding joint | | |
goniometer | instrument used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles | | | |