Question | Answer |
Pre-production | scripts, mapping out, storyboard, casting, location
(90%) |
Production | time of recording |
Post-Production | editing |
Program treatment | general overview |
Target audience | appeal factor |
Single-column script | narrative
(dramas, comedy) |
Two-column script | audio on one side and video on the other |
Program rundown | overview of program |
Program information sheet (breakdown sheet) | analysis of scripts and all production elements in order of schedule |
Floor plan | layout of props, set, cameras, and talent |
Lighting plot | overview of set where lights go |
Storyboard | series of rough sketches that help visualize and organize camera treatment
(director develops) |
Shot sheet (shot list) | each shot needed from camera operators |
Crew list | all crew members list |
Executive producer (EP) | funds the project; not much direct influence; organization and administration of production group; controls/coordinates business management; negotiating rights; program budget; who is hired |
Producer | oversees/manage the project; keep schedule/budget; choice of staff/crew; interdepartmental coordination; script acceptance; production scheduling; work with writers; select program concepts; meeting deadlines; production planning; rehearsals; treatments |
Associate producer | help cast; coordinate scripting/appointments; assist producer; production schedules; complete contracts; booking guests; creating packages; supervising post-production |
Writer | writes dialogue/script |
Director | visual interpretor of script; advising, guiding, coordinating production team; approve treatments; choose/hire talent; direct/ rehearse talent in pre rehearsals; guides/cues talent through FD |
Associate director (AD) | right hand of director; supervising pre rehearsals; location organization; in control room; line shots, graphics, tapes; give/check cues; check timing of program; help with post-production |
Technical director (TD) | operates switcher/switch board; crew chief |
Lighting director (LD) | direct lights; designs/develops lighting plot; design/arrange/control all lighting treatment |
Floor director (stage manager) | responsible for floor/studio; director's contact on floor, booth, in field; cue performers; direct the floor crew; studio organization, safety, discipline, security |
Camera operator | operates camera |
A-1 (audio 1/audio mixer/audio engineer) | responsible for overall audio broadcast; technical and artistic quality of sound; determine number/placement of mics; audio cables plugged into mixer; final mix of production |
A-2 (audio 2/audio assistant) | position mics; run audio cables; operate boom; troubleshooting audio problems; operate field equipment |
Engineer | maintain all equipment |
VTR operator | record program; play prerecorded packages; replays |
Graphics (still store vs chyron) operator | anchors name on screen; implements graphics during production; organizing/typing onscreen text and titles
S- recall for later
C- on air |
Production assistant (PA) | help producer/director; supervising production office; make coffee; run errands; make copies; pre rehearsals; location organizing; take notes in production meetings |
Talent | people who appear/heard on screen; actors; anchors; reporters |
The image gathering process | lens gather light |
3 primary colors of television | red, green, blue |
CCD & CMOS | charge coupled device; complementary metal oxide semiconductor |
Standard definition (SD) screen aspect ratio | 4:3 |
Standard definition (SD) screen resolution | 720x480 |
High definition (HD) screen aspect ratio | 16:9 |
High definition (HD) screen resolution | 1280x720 |
Interlace scanning | 2 fields for every 1 frame; odd numbered lines first and then paints even lines |
Progressive scanning | paints all lines at once |
Fields & frames | 2 fields for 1 frame |
Zoom | lens has variable focal length |
Focus | adjust lens for sharpest image |
Tilt | camera moves up or down |
Pan | camera pivots left or right on mount |
Dolly | move whole camera and mount on mount |
Truck | camera and mount move left or right |
Pedestal (ped) | raise camera |
Arc | camera moves around subject in circle/horseshoe |
Jib/crane | arm fits on tripod and allows camera to move up or down |
Shot types | CU- close up; emphasis on face
MS- medium shot; frames subject from waist up
WS- wide shot; establishing shot |
Headroom | space from top of head to upper frame |
Noseroom | space from face and edge of frame |
Leadroom | space from front of/direction of moving subject |
Rule of thirds | guide/help compose picture |
Over the shoulder shot (OTS) | reverse shot including portion of head/shoulder |
Depth of field | range of focal length |
Focal length | distance from lens optical center to image sensor |
Field of view | area that is visible through optical instrument |
Iris/lens aperture | adjustable diaphragm of lens |
F-stop | light allowed through lens |
Tally lights | light on camera that shows which is recording |
Chip chart | grayscale chart at beginning of every shot to correct colors during editing |
White balance | calibration of camera so light will be accurately white |
Fresnel fixture | universal hard spotlight; most used |
Ellipsoidal fixture | sharply focused hard spotlight |
Scoop fixture | light spread uncontrollably; inexpensive; soft/flood light |
Open lamp fixture | spot/flood; portable and compact |
Broad lamp fixture | short trough with light reflector; soft; wide angle; light weight |
Quartz lamp | tungsten halogen |
Florescent lamp | sealed gas filled tube with phosphor-coated inner surface |
Incandescent lamp | tungsten; filament; cheap and reliable |
Gel | colored flexible plastic filters to adjust color of lights; over light |
Barndoors | adjustable flaps on frame; cut off light beams/restrict light |
Cookie | perforated opaque/translucent sheet; creates shadows/breakup light/patterns |
Screen | protects electromagnetic interference |
Softlight | illumination uncontrolled; lamp reflected off back of lighting instrument |
Hardlight | sharp edged shadows; key light |
Spot vs flood | S- illuminate spot
F- flood area with light |
Baselight | minimal amount of light that allows the camera to see the subject |
Background light | light illuminating the background alone |
Effects light | project patterns; spotlights |
Key light | main source of light |
Fill light | soften and control key shadows |
Back light | separates subject form background |
3 point lighting | dramas and interviews; directional and diffused |
Silhouette | outline visible against lighter background |
Kelvin (K) temperature | color hue/temperature |
Footcandle | measure of intensity |
Lighting grid | all lights connected to grid on ceiling |
Twist-lock connector | twist action to lock connector together |
Edison connector | parallel blade plug |
C clamp | hold lights; secure lamps |
Safety chain | chain on light to secure to grid |
Lighting (dimmer) board | adjust/control all lights and intensity |
Scrim | heat proof cloth to diffuse light; substitute-dryer sheets |
Cyclorama (cyc) | illuminate backgrounds with broad light |
Dynamic | rugged, good quality sound; low maintenance |
Condensor | high audio quality; battery/power source |
Ribbon | desk/voice over; cardioid |
Omni-directional | wide pickup pattern; all directions |
Bi-directional | 2 different directions; front and back |
Unidirectional | sensitive to sounds directly in front |
Cardioid | 1 directional; vocal/news; handheld |
Super-cardioid | narrow pick-up pattern |
Hyper-cardioid | shotgun |
Lavalier mic | interviews; actors; refs; cardioid and condenser |
Hand held mic | interviews; singers; commentators; cardioid or omni |
Boom mic | mic above head |
Wireless mic | lavalier and handheld |
Pressure zone mic (PZM) | low profile to capture audio from ceiling or floor; cardioid |
Hanging mic | orchestra and choirs; high quality sound |
XLR connectors | plugs and sockets; electrical connector design |
Phone 1/4" connectors | audio connectors; audiojack |
Impedance | resistance of electrical circuit to alternating current |
Balanced vs unbalanced | B-send audio protects from interference; 3 conductors for 1 signal
U- 2 lines transmit signal |
Decibels (dB) | measure intensity of sound |
VU meters | volume unit; % modulation |
Volume vs gain | V- degree of sound/loudness
G- voltage/ power increase |
Distortion | alternation of original shape |
Feedback | squeal from loudspeaker by re-entry of loudspeaker sound into mic |
Foldback | intentional playback of audio cues to studio floor |
IFB (interruptible foldback) | broadcasting/motion picture production- cueing, communication (crew), audio monitoring |
Zero tone (1K tone) | standard frequency to calibrate audio |
Segue | uninterrupted transition from 1 piece to another |
Crossfade | gradual increase/decrease of signal levels |
Video switcher | video signals switch with sources and audio; switch camera to camera |
MLE (multilayer effect) | effects on green screen/chromakey |
Program bus | on air |
Preview (preset) bus | about to go on air |
Key | key in |
DSK (downstream key) | graphic overlay of regular video on tv |
DVE (digital video effect) | transitions from 1 scene to another |
Cut | instantaneous switch from 1 shot to next |
Dissolve | gradual transition between 2 images |
Fade | dissolve between black and video images |
Wipe | special effect transition between 2 images |
Upcut | turn on mic after anchor began speaking/before stopped talking |
Downcut | turn off mic after talking |
Still store | recall for later |
Chyron | on air |
VTR (video tape recorder) | records program; replays |
Teleprompter | computer generated text on reflective glass over lens of camera |
Color bars & 1K tone (bars and tone) | c-reference pattern for matching the video output of multiple cameras
t- balance |