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CIT294 Ch 2
CIT294 Ethical Hacking Chapter 2 Gathering Information Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Information gathering | also known as footprinting, is the process of gathering all available information about an organization. |
| Reconnaissance | Catchall term for watching the hacking target and gathering information about how, when, and where they do things. Identify behavior of people or system to find exploit a loophole. |
| Competitive Intelligence | Information gathering about competitors’ products, marketing, and technologies |
| Tools that can be used for Competitive Intelligence | EDGAR, SpyFu, KeywordSpy, Netcraft.com |
| Two Steps of Footprinting | Unearth initial information and Locate the network range |
| Footprinting | defined as the process of creating a blueprint or map of an organization. Begins by determining the target system, application, or physical location of the target. |
| Tools used for Footprinting | Domain Name Lookup, Whois, NSlookup, Sam Spade |
| DNS Enumeration | the process of locating all the DNS servers and corresponding records for a organization. Can find out information such as usernames, computer names, and IP addresses of potential target systems |
| Tools used for DNS Enumeration | NSLookup, DNStuff, ARIN, Whois |
| DNS A (Address) | Maps a hostname to an IP address |
| DNS SOA (Start of Authority) | Identifies the DNS server responsible for the domain information |
| DNS CNAME (Canonical Name) | provides additional names or aliases for the address record |
| DNS MX (Mail Exchange) | Identifies the mail server for the domain |
| DNS SRV (Service) | Identifies services such as directory services |
| DNS PTR (Pointer) | Maps IP addresses to hostnames |
| DNS NS (Name Server) | Identifies other name servers for the domain |
| traceroute | packet-tracking tool that uses ICMP echo to each hop (router or gateway) a long the path until the destination is reached.. use to find the geographical location of the target. Also gives you information such as internal IP addresses and the gateway |
| Email tracking programs | allow the sender of the email to know whether the recipient reads, forwards, modifies, or deletes an email. |
| Web spider | collect information from websites such as email addresses |
| Social Engineering | Process of deceiving users of a system or network and convincing them to perform acts useful to the hacker, such as giving out information that will bypass security such as authentication and passwords. |
| Art of Manipulation | Build inappropriate trust relations with users. Prey on qualities of human nature such as the desire to be helpful, the tendency to trust people and the fear of getting in trouble. Hackers are able to blend in and appear to be part of the organization. |
| Two types of Social Engineering Attacks | Human-Based and Computer-Based |
| Impersonating Employee/valid user | Type of human-based social engineering where the hacker pretends to be an employee to gain physical access to the company where they can gather information from trash, or computer systems |
| Posing a important user | Type of human-based social engineering where hacker pretends to be executive or manager who needs immediate access to their files. Use intimidation against lower level employees to have them assist them in getting access to the system. |
| Using a Third Person | Type of human-based social engineering where Hacker pretends to have permission from a authorized source to use the system |
| Calling Technical support | Type of human-based social engineering where hacker Calls tech support who are trained to help users |
| Shoulder surfing | Type of human-based social engineering where hacker Gathesr passwords by watching over a persons shoulder while they login to the system |
| Dumpster diving | Type of human-based social engineering where hacker Looks in trash for information written on a piece of paper or computer printouts. Hackers can often find passwords, filenames, or other confidential information |
| Reverse Social Engineering | more advanced method of gaining information. Hacker creates persona that appears to be position of authority so that employees ask hacker for information. For example: hacker pretends to be help desk employee and asks user for password. |
| Insider Attacks | Computer-Based social engineering attack where Hacker infiltrates the organization by getting hired as employee or finding a disgruntled employee to assist in the attack |
| Identity Theft | Computer-Based social engineering attack where Hacker poses as employee or steals the employees identity to penetrate the company. Information can be gained in dumpster diving or shoulder surfing to gain access to company |
| Phishing Attacks | Computer-Based social engineering attack where Sending email and posing as a bank, credit card company or financial institution. Requests a confirmation of confidential information or that customer resets their password or PIN. |
| URL Obfuscation | Uses the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) or website address to hide a fake URL that appears to be legitimate website address. |
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Leisac
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