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Logical Fallacies AP
LCHS Woodard AP Logical Fallacy terms
Logical Fallacies AP Woodard | Logical Fallacies AP Woodard |
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Fallacy | defect in an argument which causes it to be invalid, unsound, or weak |
ad misericordia | appeal to pity, a statement designed to arouse pity rather that using a logical premise |
ad ignorantium | appeal to ignorance, concluded a proposition is true because it has not been proven false or that it is false because it has not been proven true. |
appeal to traditional wisdom | appeal based on previous actions |
plain folks | a speaker tries to win confidence and support by appearing to be just like the audience, the common man |
ad hominem | "against the man" appeal attacking a person or group, not the issue |
ad populum | "to the people" (bandwagon) conclues a proposition to be true because so many people believe it |
double standard | two comparable items are evaluated according to different standards |
straw man | selecting to refute opponents weakest argument, or concocting tenuous opposing arguments |
red herring | divert attention from important issues by selecting irrelevant issues to discuss |
false analogy | comparing two items that do not deserve comparison (opposite of double standard) |
glittering generality | emotionally appealing words closely associated with highly valued concepts and beliefs |
equivocation (slanting) | using ambiguous words/phrases/ideas and changing their meaning |
oversimplification | obscuring or denying the complexity of an issue |
false dilemma (either/or) | stating two choices as the only alternatives |
nonsequitur | "it does not follow" conclusion is not a logical result of the facts |
post hoc (ergo propter hoc) | "after this" implying that because one event follows another, the 1st caused the second (chronology doesn't = causality) |
hasty generalization | drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence (leads to stereotypes) |
begging the question | premise is identical with the conlcusion |
slippery slope | one step will eventually lead to an undesirable second (or third, fourth, etc.) step |