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Bio 152 Review # 2
Microbiology Review # 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Know the life cycle of the bacteriophages: lytic cycle consists of | 1.ATTACHMENT-phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell. 2.PENETRATION- lysozyme opens cell wall,tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell. 3.REPLICATION- Production of DNA and proteins.4.FORMATION-assembly of phage particls 5.RELEASE-cel |
| Know the life cycle of the bacteriophages: Lysogenic cycle | 1.ATTACHMENT- Bacteria injects it genome into bacterium cytoplasm2.PENETRATION-Bacterium inserts its genome into nucleoid to become prohage.3.PROPHAGE- The inserted phage DNA is now called PROPHAGE. Inactive but replicated as cell divides.4.Can go into ly |
| FUSION DNA- | 1. Attachment –plasma membrane of host cell. 2. Endocytosis- Vesicle attachment of spikes. 3. Penetration- vesicle. 4. Uncoating- |
| PINOCYTOSIS RNA- | 1. Viral Envelope (Caspid). 2. Plasma membrane of host cell (viral protein). 3. Bud-Fusion of viral envelope and plasma membrane. 4. Bud-Vesicle. 5. Envelope-Capsid released into cytoplasm. |
| Describe the differences of bacteriophages Lytic Cycle? | 1. Attachment, and injects DNA 2. DNA Circularizes and starts Lytic cycle 3. New Phage DNA and proteins are Synthesized and assembled into Virons. 4. Cell lyses, releasing phage Virons(Lytic cycle phage causes lysis and Pop and mature virus |
| Describe the differences of bacteriophages Lysogenic Cycle? | 1.Attachment and injection of DNA 2.Phage DNA Circularizes starts Lysogenic cycle 3.Phage DNA intergrates w/in the bacterial chromosome by Recombination becoming a Prophage.4. Lysogenic bacterium reproducesNormally. In host DNA(Sits divides and copies |
| Explain how enveloped viruses are enveloped? | CAPSID- covered by an envelope which usually consists of comboination of lipids, proteins and carbs- may or may not have spikes. NON-ENVELOPED-the capsid protects the nucleic acid from the nuclease enzymes in bio-fluids and promotes the virus attachment |
| Examples of DNA Viruses? | Adenovirus-Pinkeye Papovavirus- Warts, humans/rabbits/dogs Herpes Virus-Cold sores, genital herpes, mono. Pox- small pox. Hepads- Hepatitis. * Mimi example of both Rna and Dna |
| Examples of RNA Viruses? | Reo Viruses- Diahhrea. Picorna Viruses- Polio. Rhinoviruses- Cold. Togaviruses- yellow fever, german measles. Rhabdoviruses-Rabies. Tetroviruses-Leukemia, Aids. * Mimi example of both Rna and Dna |
| Designate which influenzas are the most deadly ones? | Type A virus, its found in many animals BUT mainly birds, spreads quickly. Deadly because it can be given to anyone by touch, inhaling, or eating it. Example: farmers have most contact since they live with the animals. Then they pass it on to others. |
| Explain how cancer results from certain viruses? | Activated oncogenes transform normal cells into cancerous cells. Transformed cells have increased growth, loss of contact inhibition, tumor specific transplant, and T antigens.Genetic material of oncogenic viruses become intergrated into host cells DNA. |
| Explain enzyme activities in cells? | Serves as catalyst to speed up cehmical reactions in the cells. Attachment of substrate to active site. Metabolic pathway is occuring, which is a sequence of enzmatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell. |
| Know the parts of the enzyme? | * Apoenzmye * Cofactor * Coenzmye * Holoenzyme |
| List influences on enzyme activity: | ~can be denatured by tempertaure or ph. ~Substrate concentration ~Competitive Inhibition ~Non-Competive Inhibition ~Feedback Inhibition |
| Substrate concentration- | active site is always occupied by substrate/product molecules. Increase in substrate concentration will NOT affect reaction rate becasue all active site are already used. Normal cellualr conditions, enzymes are NOT saturated withsubstrates. |
| Explain how vitamins influence enzyme activity? | Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins. Important coenzymes that contain derivatives of B vitamins act as electron carriers NAD+ NADP+ FAD. And enzyme Coenzyme A contains a derivative of Pantothenic acid.Important role in the Krebs cycle. |
| Tell how you would recognize a word is an enzyme? | If the word ends with –ase then it is an enzyme. |
| Apoenzmye- | Protein portion. Inactivated by themselves. Must be activated by cofactors. |
| Cofactor- | Non-protein component. Example: ions of Iron, Zinc, Magnesium, and Calcium. If removed apoenzmye wont function. |
| Coenzmye- | Organic molecule; assist enzmye by accepting atoms from substrate or bydonating atoms required by substrate. Two most important coenzmyes are NAD(catabolic) and NADP(ananbolic). They function as electron carriers, derivtaes of B vitamin niacin. |
| Holoenzyme- | Formed by apoenzyme and cofactor; active enzyme. |
| Competitive Inhibition- | A Substains that competes with the normal substrate for the active site of an enzyme. Its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate. However, unlike the substrate, it does undergo any reaction to form products. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibitors- | In this process also called Allosteric Inhibition, the inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme other than the substrate’s binding site which causes the active site to change its shape, making it nonfunctional. |
| Feedback Inhibition- | Allosteric inhibitors play a role in as a biochemical control(End-product inhibition). Mechanism stops the cell from wasting chemical resources by making more than it needs. Usually acts of the first enzyme of a complex process that involves many enzymes. |
| Relate how ATP gives energy to the cell. Know its structure? | A phosphate group is added to ADP with the input of energy to form ATP. The bonds of the third phosphate group has a loose bond that can readily be broken to release energy. |
| Give the purpose of respiration? | Cellular respiration, or simply respiration, is defined as an ATP-generating process. |
| Give the purpose of photosynthesis? | Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. Photosynthesis takes place in two stages. In the first stage, called the light-dependent (light) reactions light energy is used to convert ADP and P into ATP. |
| State which type of virus carries its own reverse transcriptase and know what it does with it? | Example Hepadnaviridae virus. Differs from other DNA viruses because they synthesize DNA by copying RNA, using viral reverse transcriptase. R.T- uses the RNA of the virus to synthesize a strand of DNA, with in turn replicated to form double-stranded DNA. |
| List viral culture methods? | BACTERIOPHAGES- can be grown either in suspensions of bacteria in liquid media or in bacterial cultures on solid media. The use of liquid makes detecting and counting viruses possible. ANIMAL VIRUSES are cultured using embryonated eggs, or cell cultures. |
| List viral structural characteristics? | • Virion Nucleic acid • Capsid and Envelope • Envelope • Spikes • Nonenveloped viruses |
| Virion- | Is a complete, infectious viral particle composed of nucleic acid and surrounded by a protein coat that protects it from the environment and is a vehicle of transmission to other host cells. |
| Nucleic acid- | A virus can either have DNA or RNA, but never both. ** Exception of this rule is the Mimi viruse ** |
| Capsid- | Nucleic acid of a virus is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid, this accounts for the mass of the virus. |
| Envelope- | Consists of a combination of liquids, proteins, and carbohydrates. This is the process by which plasma layer becomes the viral envelope. |
| Spikes- | Allow the virus to attach to the host cell (red blood cells clump together and viruses bind to these cells forming bridges.) |
| Non-enveloped viruses- | Protects the nucleic acid from nuclease enzymes in biological fluids and promotes attachment to susceptible cells. |
| Distinguish slow latent virus infection? | A disease process that occurs gradually over a long period of time and was thought to be caused by a virus. |
| Describe viral growth on a bacterial lawn? | Viroids-infectious RNA Prion- infectious protein Viruses can cause color change, deformed growth, wilting, and stunted growth in their plant hosts |
| Define viral species? | Is a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host range) They are designed by descriptive common names , such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
| Substrate-level Phosphorylation- | Transfer of a high energy PO-4 to ADP Oxidative phosphorylation – energy released form the transfer of electrons(oxidation) of one compound to another is used to generate ATP (reduction) by chemiosmosis. |
| Photophosphoylation - | Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. Energy released from the transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of carrier molecules is used to generate ATP. |
| Give an overview of how the electron transport chain works? | A sequence of carrier molecules that are capable of oxidation and reduction. As electrons are passed through the chain, there is a stepwise release of energy, which is used to drive the chemiosmotic generation of ATP. The final oxidation is irreversibl. |
| Explain why NADH and FADH 2 are so important to the respiratory process? | E.T.C. NADH and FADH2 are oxidated contributing the electrons they have carried from the substrates to a “cascade” of oxidation – reduction reactions. Energy from these reaction is used to generate a considerable amount of ATP. |
| Know which organisms photosynthesis? | Algae, Plants, Cyanobacteria, Green bacteria, and Purple bacteria |
| Aerobic respiration- | A complex process of chemical reactions in which oxygen is used to break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. This releases energy in the form of energy-carrying molecules ATP. |
| Anaerobic respiration- | The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chair is not O2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cyles operations under anaerobic conditions. |
| Fermentation- | 1. Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules. 2. Dosen't require O2, but O2 can be present. 3. Dosen't require the use of the Krebs cycle or electron transport chain. 4. Uses organic molecule as final electron acceptor. 5. Small amount ATP pr |
| Know which organisms use Fermentation? | Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Yeast (Saccharomyces). |
| Know which organisms use Aerobic respiration? | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes use O2 as the final electron transport chain to produce H2O. |
| Know which organisms use Anaerobic respiration? | Pseudomonas and Bacillus use nitrate ion NO3- as a final electron acceptor. Desulfovibrio use sulfate (SO4 2-) as the final electron acceptor. Still others bacteria use carbonate (CO3 2-) to form methane (CH4). |
| Explain the three main parts of the Aerobic respiration? | Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain |
| Give the products of Glycolysis? | 2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvic acid (Pyruvate). |
| Give the products of the Kreb's cycle? | 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP, 4 Co2. |
| Give the products of Electron Transport Chain? | 34 ATP Prokyratotes (32 ATP in Eukyratotes), 6 H2O. |
| Explain why leg muscles are sore after extreme exercise? | Build up of Lactic acid in the muscles cause by the use of ATP during excerise. |
| Recognize foods made from fermentation processes? | Beer, Wine, Cheese, and Bread. |
| Distinguish between products of fermentation, anaerobic and aerobic respiration? | (blank) |
| Designate which chemical processes are oxidative or reductive in nature? | (blank) |
| State the net ATP after glycolysis of glucose? | 2 ATP. ( 4 ATP are produced, but glycolysis requires 2 ATP to jump start the processes.) |
| List the product yield from Pentose Phosphate and Entner Douerdorf pathways? | Net gain of 1 ATP and 2 NADH for each pathway |
| List the ATP yield from the processes listed in #34 ( glycolysis of glucose)? | 4 ATP (but 2 ATP are used to jump start the process so there is a net gain of only 2 ATP). |
| Prions- | Infectious proteins |
| Describe how prions infects cells? | Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, & surgical instruments. Scrapie protein (PrPsc) replace normal glycoproteins (PrPc) which are suspected of regulating cell death. |
| Recognize prion diseases? | Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep Scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fetal familial insomnia, mad cow disease. |
| Explain transduction in viruses? | 1. Prophage exists in galactose-using host. 2. Phage genome excise, carrying with it the adjacent gal gene from host. 3.Cell lyses, releasing phage carrying gal gene. 4. Phage infects a cell that cannot utilize galactose (lacking gal gene)5. Prophage |
| Describe means of viral classification? | Grouping viruses into families based on 1. nucleic acid type, 2. strategy for replocation, and 3. morphology. The suffix -virus is used for genus names; family names end in -viridae; and order names end in -ales. |
| What are the three general categories of viral morphology? | Helical Viruses, Polyhedral Viruses, Complex Viruses. |
| Describe the characteristics of a Helical viruses, and give examples? | Long rods that may be rigid or flexible. The viral nucleic acid is found within a hollow, cylindrical capsid that has a helical structure. Example Rabies, Ebola. |
| Describe the characteristics of a Polyhedral viruses, and give examples? | The capsid of most polyhedral viruses is in the shape of an icosahedron, a regular polyhedron with 20 trianglar faces and 12 corners. Example Adenovirus, Poliovirus. |
| Describe the characteristics of a Complex viruses, and give examples? | An example is a Bacteriophage. The capsid (head) is polyhedral and the sheath is helical. The head cantains the nucleic acid. In addition they have a tail sheath, tail fibers, plate, and pin. |
| List three HIV enzymes that medicines block? | Protease enzyme, Reverse Transcriptase, and Integrase. |
| Explain why flu vaccines must change each year? | Viral strains of Influenza are identified by variation in the Hand N antigens located on the viruses surface. The different forms of the antigens are assigned numbers. There are 15 subtypes of H and 9 of N. This viruse changes each year to avoid ID. |
Created by:
gazoo421
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