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BioChem1100.tri-c
Chapter 8.Timberlake
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| solute | The component in a solution that CHANGES STATE - and/or is the component present in the smaller quantity |
| solution | A homogeneous mixture in whcih the solute is made up of small particles (ions or molecules) that can pass through filters and semipermeable membranes |
| solvent | the substance in which the solute dissolves; usually the component present in greatest amount |
| Is water a polar substance? | Yes, the special nature of water means that the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge |
| Hydrogen bonds | Occur where a partially positive hydrogen is attracted to strong electronegative atoms of Oxygen, Nitrogen or Fluorine in other molecules - these are weak bonds |
| Why does NaCL dissolve in water? What kind of bonds does NaCL have? | NaCl is an ionic compound with strong bonds; it dissolves because water is a polar solvent |
| Describe process of NaCl dissolving in water | The negatively charge oxygen atom of water attracts the positive Na+ ions - the positively charge hydrogen atomes at the other end of a water molecule atract the negative Cl- ions |
| Hydration | As Na & Cl dissolves, the ions are surrounded by water molecules, which diminishes their attraction to other ions and helps keep them in solution |
| "Like dissolves like" an important principal for SOLUTIONS | When solids or liquids form solutions, there must be an attraction between the solute particles and the solvent particles Ex. you cannot dissolve oil in water |
| electrolyte (2 characteristics) | solutes that a.) dissolve into ions in water and b.) conduct electricity |
| nonelectrolytes | a.) when dissolved in water, they do NOT separate into ions and b.) their solutions do not conduct electricity |
| strong electrolytes | a solution that dissolves complete into ions when it dissolves in water Ex. Sodium chloride (NaCl) they DISSOCIATE - ions separate from the solid; they are HYDRATED by surrounding water molecules |
| Equation for strong electrolyte | Included H2O over "form"arrow |
| Weak electrolytes | dissolve in water as whole molecule Ex. HF, stays whole except for a few ions, backward & forward arrow - recombines as |
| nonelectrolytes | Solutes dissolve in water as molecules and do not separate into ions, thus, they do not conduct electricity |
| Equivalent (used to measure electrolytes) | an "EQUIVALENT" is measure of ion charge equal to 1 mole - Ex. Na+ has one positive charge, so one mole of Na+ has EQUIVALENT charge of 1 Eq |
| In body fluids, concentrations of electrolytes are expressed | In body fluids, electrolytes are milliequivalent (mEq) per liter |
| sodium chloride in body (correct concentration) | 0.9%? |
| Dextrose in body (correct concentration) | 5% - ? |
| Solubility | the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in exactly 100 g of solvent, usually water, at a given temperature |
| soluble salt | An IONIC compound that dissolves in water |
| Saturated solution | A solution contains all the solute that can dissolve |
| What happens when you try to add more solute to a saturated solution? | undissolved solute will remain on the bottom of the container |
| What does a solution become satured? | What the rates of the forward reaction that dissolves the solute and the reverse reaction of recrystallization become equal. |
| Equation-saturated solution | Solid solute (arrows back & forth) Dissolves/crystallizes saturated solution |
| unsaturated solution | If a sold readily dissolves, then the solution does not yet contain the maximum amount of |
| Henry's Law | The solubility of gas is directly related to the pressure of that gas above the liquid |
| Henry's Law - at higher pressures, there are _______ gas molecules available | at higher pressure, there are MORE gas molecules to enter and dissolve in liquid (think-closed can of Coke) |
| Henry's Law - what happens when you open a can of Coke? | Bubbles escape, releasing pressure --they don't have to go into solution |
| Why do warm rivers contain less oxygen? | For gas, the solubility of of the gas DECREASES as temperature increases - at higher temperatures, gas molecules have the energy to escape from the solution |
| As a bottle of soda warms, there is ________ gas in the solution | Less--because the gas molecules escape the solution |
| Gout & Kidney Stones - relate to saturation | Compounds in the body (uric acid, calcium phosphate) which exceed their solubility levels and form solid products |
| Henry's Law | The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of the gas above the liquid |
| King Henry's Law | The more pressure, the more gas--the more pressure, the more wives |
| Salts that are soluble in water usually contain | Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, NO3- or acetat C2H3O2- (lippy, kissy, salty, sodium nitrate, potassium hydroxide |
| Semipermeable membrane | allows water & some particles to pass through, but not all |
| Colloids | Large molecules that cannot pass through membranes |
| suspensions | nonuniform mixtures - large particles - can be trapped by filters and semipermeable membranes Ex. sand & water |
| colloids-particles ____ be separated by semipermeabel membranes but/and/or ___________ be separated by filters | Can be separated by semipermeable membranse but CANNOT be separated by filters |
| Osmosis | Biological process-water passes through semipermeable membrane (cell wall) to equalize concentrations on both sides of the membrane |
| Osmotic pressure | Osmotic pressure is the pressure that prevents the flow of water into the more concentrated solution-the greater the number of particles, the more its osmotic pressure |
| Does pure water have osmotic pressure? | NO-because osmotic pressure is created by particles in the water |
| Isotonic solutions | a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as that of the red blood cells of the body |
| Iso (means) | "equal to" |
| Isotonic - "tonic" refers to | osmotic pressure of the solution in the cell |
| hypotonic solution | When red blood cell is placed in pure water (hypotonic compared to the red cell) water flows into the cell by osmosis, causing it to swell & burst |
| hypertonic solution | If red blood cells placed in 10% solution (greater than the body's salt solution) water flows out of the cell by osmosis to equalize the salts, causing the cell to shrink |
| Crenation | Hypertonic solutions cause red blood cells to shrink as they lose water |
| hemolysis | Red blood cells expand when HYPO tonic solution (too much water) causes them to expand |
| crenation | Similar to making pickles--salt solution causes cucumbers to lose water, shrivel, and become smaller |
| dialysis | A process by which water and small solute particles pass through a semipermeable membrane |
| Hemodialysis | An artificial kidney will clean the blood |
| collision theory | chemical reactions take place when molecules collide & have energy |
| activation energy | must have energy to form new products |
| three conditions required for a reaction to occur | Reactants must collide; must ORIENTATION and must have energy |
| reversible reaction | A reaction that goes forward & back until equilibrium is achieved |
| Le Chatelier's Principle | when stress is placed on a system of equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts to relieve that stress |
| Le Chatelier's Principle - if you add more reactants, what happens? | More products are produced |
| How does temperature change affect Kc (equilibrium) | Higher temperatures increase value of Kc because there are more products |
| Catalyst | Increases rate of reaction |
| When kc is less that one, are reactants or products favored? | Products--because when the number is less than 1, few products are being formed |
| A substance that ahydroxide ions in water and/or accepts protons is a(n) | Base |
| The names of the acid H3PO4 and the base KOH are | phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide |
| Ca(OH)2 is a ________ and H2CO3 is an ________. | base; acid |
| In the following reaction, which substance is the base and which substance is the conjugate base? | The base is H2O and the conjugate base is ClO3-. |
Created by:
walterina4327