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Physiology I
Resistance to Infection - Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is defined as: the ability to resist all types of organisms or toxins that damage the tissues and organs? | Immunity |
| What is innate immunity? | The resistance to many diseases of animals |
| What are the various roles of innate immunity? | 1. Phagocytosis 2. Destroys toxins using acid & digestive enzymes 3. Killer Lymphocytes |
| What is another name for acquired immunity? | Adaptive Immunity |
| What is acquired (adaptive) immunity? | The ability to develop immunity |
| What are the 3 types of Acquired Immunity? | 1. Humoral Immunity (B Cell Immunity) 2. Cell Mediated Immunity (T-Cell Immunity) 3. Immunization (Vaccination) |
| True or False, Antibodies are produced by B lymphocytes? | True |
| Cell mediated immunity utilizes activated lymphocytes, True or False? | True, Activated Lymphocytes are T- Lymphocytes |
| True or False, Activated lymphocytes & antibodies are produced in Lymphoid tissues | True |
| What stimulates acquired immunity? | Antigens |
| What are epitopes? | A molecular group on the surface of the large molecules |
| What are haptens? | small MW, combines with antigenic substance to elicit an immune response |
| What examples of haptens? | 1. Drugs 2. Animal Dander 3. Scaling Skin 4. Chemicals 5. Toxin |
| True or False, Lymphocytes are essential for survival? | True |
| What are Lymphocytes dervied from? | Pruripotent Hemopoitic Stem Cells |
| Name the lymphoid tissues? | 1. Spleen 2. Submucosal Areas of the GI Tract 3. Bone Marrow 4. Tonsils 5. Adenoids 6. Thymus |
| B Lymphocytes migrate to where during mid fetal life? | Liver |
| B Lymphocytes migrate to where after birth? | Bone Marrow |
| B Lymphocytes migrate to where after being processed in the liver and bonemarrow? | To the lymph |
| What are the different types of T-Lymphocytes? | T-Helper, T-Supressor, T-Memory, T-Killer, T-Delayed |
| What do lymphokines do? | Stimulates B-Lymphocytes |
| What secretes Interleukin-1 | Macrophages |
| What effect does Interleukin-1 have on lymphocytes? | It promotes growth and reproduction |
| Memory cells are dormant until activated by what? | Antigens |
| Which is higher during the primary response, IgM or IgG? | IgM |
| Which is higher during the secondary response, IgM or IgG? | IgG |
| The typical structure of an IgG antibody contains a Disulfide Bond, True of False? | True |
| What are the 5 classes of antibodies? | 1. IgA 2. IgD 3. IgE 4. IgG 5. IgM |
| Antibodies compose ____% of the total amount of plasma proteins? | 20% |
| Gamma globulins are also know as? | Immunoglobulins |
| What class of antibodies has the largest Ig? | IgM |
| Which class of antibodies has a circular pentameric arrangement? | IgM |
| What class of antibodies is th 1st to respond to a primary antigen? | IgM |
| What is the most abundant class of antibodies? | IgG |
| What class of antibodies is capable of crossing the placenta? | IgG |
| Where is IgG antibodies found? | In the blood and extravascular spaces |
| What class of antibodies is least abundant? | IgD |
| What class of antibodies has the lowest molecular mass? | IgD |
| What class of antibodies is involved in allergic reactions and parasites? | IgE |
| What the different types of mechanisms involved during a direct attack on an infection? | 1. Agglutination 2. Precipitation 3. Neutralization 4. Lysis 5. Opsonization |
| What mechanism is used to bood type? | Agglutination |
| What is the clumping of cells with surface antigens? | Agglutination |
| What mechanism facilitates ingestion by phagocytosis? | Opsonization |
| How many proteins does the complement system compose of? | 20 each having a specific job |
| Which pathway of the Complement System facilitates ingestion by phagocytosis? | C3 Pathway or the Alternate pathway is associated with Opsonazation of bacteria |
| True or False, the alternate pathway is activated w/out the intermediation of the antigen-antibody reaction? | True |
| What is the role of the compement system? | Break Down antibody complexes |
| What is the most numerous T-Cell? | Helper T-Cells |
| Which T-Cell acts as a major regulator of virtually all immune functions? | Helper T-Cells |
| What are lymphokines formed from? | Helper T-Cells |
| What are lymphokines? | Protein mediators that act on bone marrow & other cells of the immune system |
| What type of lymphokines are responsible for activation of helper T-Cells | Interleukin 2 (all the rest stimulate B-Cell Growth) |
| Which lymphokine is responsible for direct destruction of an invading cell? | Interleukin 2 |
| What are perforins? | hole forming proteins that punch holes in the membrane of the attacked cell. |
| What secretes perforins? | Cytotoxic T-Cells |
| Cytotoxic T-Cells will destry: | 1. Micororganisms 2. Cancer Cells 3. Heart Transplant Cells 4. Foreign Cells 5 Tissue cells (Self) |
| What ar the 5 types of T-Lyphocytes? | Helper T-Cells, Cytoxic T-Cells, Suppressor T-Cells, Memory T-Cells, and Delayed Hypersensitivity T-Cells |
| Which lymphokine stiumlates suppressor T-Cells? | Interleukin 2 |
| What is the role of Suppressor T-Cells? | Suppresses the function of Cytoxic T-Cells and Helper T-Cells |
| What is meant by Self tolerance? | Recognition of Self |
| Self Tolerance develops from what? | The preprocessing of of T-Lymphocytes in the Thymus and B Lymphocytes in the bone Marrow |
| What are some examples of Autoimmune diseases? | 1. Rheumatic Fever 2. Golmerulonephritis 3. Myasthenia Gravis 4. Lupus |
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Tri 2
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