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NPB 114 MT3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pancreatic Enzyme Secretions (9) | DNase, RNase, Amylase, Carboxy Peptidase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Lipase, Phospholipase, Cholesterol Esterase |
| Trypsinogen -?-> Trypsin | Enterokinase or Autocatylze |
| Trypsin Inhibitor | Protein preventing breakdown in pancreas. paracellular in pancreas |
| Chymotrypsin Precursor | Chymotrypsinogen |
| Carboxypeptidase Precursor | Pro carboxypepsidase |
| Elastase precursor | Pro Elastase |
| Cholesterol Esterase (Function) | Targets Esterified Cholesterol -> FFA + Cholesterol |
| Acinar Cell Ionic flux change from low to high secretion (cl, k, hco3, na) | Cl (decrease), K (same), HCO3 (increase), Na (No change) |
| Pancreatic Secretion (3 Phases) | Cephalic-20%, Vagal response to CCK and Secretin; Gastric- 5% in response to Distension and Proteins via Vagal; Intestinal 80% Acid-> S-Cell Secretin secretion, AA,FFA,short p -> I-Cell CCK secretion, Distention -> CCK, (CCK Secretin)-> PNS -> Pancreas |
| ? -> PNS -> Duct and Acinar Cells (what's the outcome as well) | CCK -> HCO3 and pancreatic Enzymes |
| Lobule Triade | Portal vein, Heptatic Artery, Bile Duct |
| Lubule transverse (3) | Sinusoid (capillary), Heptatocyte, Bile Canaliculus (bile tube) |
| Sphincter of oddi (function) | Common Bile Duct Sphincter into Duodenum |
| What hormone causes 1. Oddi to relax 2. Gall baldder contraction | CCK via PNS -myoepithelium around gall contracts |
| Cholestasis -Symptoms (3) -Causes | Poor fat digestion, diarrhea, jaundice (too much bile salt in plasma) due to low calcium and high cholesterol (cause of Gall stone) |
| Goblet Cell -Function and Location | In SI and LI -Secretes mucus -Forms feces |
| Amylose breaks into (2) -Absorption? | Maltose, Maltotriose not readily absorbable |
| Amylopectin Subunits | Maltose, maltotriose, alpha limit detrin (isomaltase to break it down) |
| Lactose composition | Glucose and galactose |
| Sucrose composition | Fructose and Glucose |
| Sucrose Isomaltase -Location -under what conditions does it increase? -What does it digest? (3) | -SI, Brush Border -Increases in high starch diet -Digests Maltase, maltotriose, and alpha limit detrin into glucose molecules |
| Why do you get Diarrhea after fasting for a long time when you eat carbs | Because Sucrose Isomaltase decreases too much and sugar isn't absorbed so water is also retained with the sugars |
| Lactase Phlorizine Hydrolase (LPH) -function -correlation with age | -Breaks lactose into glucose and galactose -Decreases with age |
| Trehalase Function (Hint: Enzyme in SI) -Type of Bond | Digests Trehalose into Glucose. 1,1 alpha linkage |
| Maltase Function and % of activity | Maltose Breakdown (only 20% compared to sucrose isomaltase) |
| Maltose Composition | 2 Glucose |
| SDGT-1 -What type of transport? -ATP dependent or not? -What type of monosaccharide can it move? | Sodium Dependent Glucose Transporter Secondary transport (indirectly needs ATP) -Moves glucose or galactose |
| GLUT-5 -What type of transport? -ATP dependent or not? -What type of monosaccharide can it move? where to? | Facilitated no need for ATP Moves Fructose into cell |
| GLUT-2 -What type of transport? -ATP dependent or not? -What type of monosaccharide can it move? | Facilitated no need for ATP Moves fructose, glucose, or galactose out of the cell into basolateral end |
| Carboxypeptidase -Function | snips proteins on the apical end of cell starting from the CARBOXY end Brush Border |
| Aminopeptidase -Function | snips proteins on the apical end of cell starting from the AMINO end Brush Border |
| Dipeptidase (Brush Border Peptidase) -Function | Snips proteins 2 at a time from carboxy end |
| Transporting Protein from cell to Circulation (2) | -Trade Protein for sodium (need ATP to take sodium out) doesn't need gradient because ATP -Facilitated Diffusion (needs gradient) |
| Fate of Protein (5) | -Transported into circulation -Used as fuel (possible for synthesis) -Converted into another AA (non essential probably) -Converted to Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) Serine and Glycine -Converted into Signal Molecule N.O. (via Arginine) |
| Co Lipase -Function | Because when fat gets covered with bile salts or phospholipids lipase can't break the fat down. CoLipase allows the lipase to enter the micelle |
| Fat Absorbtion from Micelle to Exocytosis -Which molecules gets co transported and which can diffuse? -Where do they go in the cell? -Packaging? | 1. FFA and Bile Salt can be co transported with Sodium 2. FFA, BS-H, 2MG, Lysophospholipid, and cholesterol can diffuse 3. FFA, Lyso, 2MG gets packaged into TG in SER 4. TG surrounded by apoprotein makes a chylomicron which is now water soluble |
| What's Redundant about lipase on a hepatocyte? | Fat is broken down during digestion and then after being made into TG at the SER, we break it down again for the liver |
| Steatorrhea (malabsorption) -What is it? -Due to: (Hint: not enough time to absorb, lack of bile) | Oily Feces Due to short bowel syndrome, Biliary Disorder or Liver Disorder |
| Alli and Olstra -What? | Alli prevents fat absorption (could cause diarrhea) Olestra is a non digestable fat |
| Celiac Sprue Disease (Celiac Disease) -Who gets it? | Immune response to gluten -Irish and british get it |
| Tropical Sprue -What? | Atrophy or the crypts -could cause steatorrhrea |
| Whipple's Diease (3 problems) | - villi too close so decreases the surface area for absorption - Macrophage clogs blood vessel in villi -Distance from surface to circulation is far |
| Intestinal Restriction -What -Problem | -Intestinal Bypass -Fat soluble vitamins not absorbed |
| Restrictive Sugery - 2 Kinds | 1. Make stomach Smaller to increase distension for less food 2. Lap band (Adjustable gastric band) |
| Restrictive and Malabsorbtive surgery (GASTRIC BYPASS) -Dumping syndrome | Jejunum and ileum is attached to stomach and then meets up with duodenum eventually so bile is secreted much later in the intestine. makes a shorter absorption tube Dumping syndrome can occur because no pyloric sphincter since SI is in body/cardiac regio |
| Ghrelin -What's it do? | increase food intake (especially fatty/ high calorie foods) |
| Restrictive Surgery Problems (stapling stomach) | Reports hungry or not hungry (low levels of ghrellin) all the time |
| Gastro-Colic/Ileo-Colic Reflex | Load leads to motility in colon |
| LI Function | 1. Water Absorption 2. K secretion 3. ion Absorb 4. Form Feces |
| Giant Migrating Contractions -Where -Followed by what (sometimes) | 1. LI 2. Bowel Movement |
| Signal for Bowel Movement? | Anal Rectal Vault Distention |
| Anal Rectal Vault -Functions | Storage and Water Absorption |
| Cephalic Phase of Pancreatic Secretions | 20%, Vagal response to CCK and Secretin; |
| Gastric Phase of Pancreatic Secretions | 5% in response to Distension and Proteins via Vagal; |
| Intestinal Phase of Pancreatic Secretions -What Signals for what secretion | 80% Acid-> S-Cell Secretin secretion, AA,FFA,short p -> I-Cell CCK secretion, Distention -> CCK, (CCK Secretin)-> PNS -> Pancreas |
| Secondary Bile Salt Pathway | Secreted, goes to LI, Modified, reabsorbed, lIver |
| BSEP (Bile Sat Exporter Pump) | Moves Deprotonated Bile Salt (Cojugated (add amino acid) increases solubility) |
| Sodium Dependent Bile Salt Transporter (NTCP) | Brings bilt salt from sinusoid to hepatocyte |
| What vessel brings BS back to Heptatocyte | Portal Vein |
| Biliruben -What is it -Fat digestion | -RBC waste -Does NOT help with fat digestion -Needs to be conjugated too to be eliminated |
| Cholangiocyte -Role | Secretes HCO3 into canaliculous(bile) just like duct cells |
| What's Sodium's role in Duct and Cholangeocytes? | Moves out Protons into sinusoid |
| Secondary Active transport | Needs ATP to have the Na gradient to move in stuff |
| Pinocytosis | endocytosis |
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