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med term CH 13-16
Question | Answer |
---|---|
inter- | inside |
intra- | between |
par/esthes/ia | condition of abnormal physical feeling of prickling, burning or numbness |
pulmonary abscess | localized accumulation of pus in the lungs |
precordial pain | chest pain over the heart |
thoracodynia | chest pain |
substance-related mental disorders | 4th most common diagnostic category for inpatient admissions |
behavioral health | interaction of the body and mind |
psychologists | diagnosis and treatment |
psychiatrists | medical doctors who specialize in treatment of mental disorders |
affects | mood aka body language |
mental retardation | usually genetically linked and diagnosed in early childhood |
physiatry | treatment of physical disorders |
psych/o | mind |
thym/o | thymus, gland in mediastinum |
phren/o | mind or diaphragm |
iatr/o | treatment |
-ia, -ism | condition |
-mania | condition of madness |
-phobia | condition of fear |
kathis/o | sitting |
hedon/o | pleasure |
cata- | down |
ton/o | tension, tone |
confabulation | effort to conceal a gap in memory by fabricating believable stories |
delirium | condition of confusion and irrational agitation |
acro- | way up high |
agora/phobia | fear of the outside world, crowds |
phor/o | to carry, bear |
eu- | good |
eu/phoria | exaggerated sense of well-being not based on reality |
anthro/phobia aka social phobia | fear of scrutiny |
-thymia | condition of the mind |
eu/thymia | normal range of moods and emotions |
-ation | process of |
DT | delirium tremens, tremors when going through alcohol withdrawals |
drug misuse | need medication but dont take as directed |
pol/o | pole |
-ar | pertaining to |
cycl/o | ciliary body, middle layer of the eye that holds eye lens |
anthrop/o | man |
claustr/o | closing |
SAD | seasonal affective disorder, depression from decreased exposure to sunlight |
anorexia nervosa | without appetite, highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder |
bulimia nervosa | binge eating and forcing it up |
GAD | generalized anxiety disorder, most common diagnosis but not specific to any situation or circumstance |
OCD | obsessive-compulsive disorder, repetitive acts bc patient feels it will prevent some harmful event |
parasomnia | sleep terrors |
hypoactive sexual desire disorder | if not hormonal related then psychological related |
PD | panic disorder |
orex/o | appetite |
para- | abnormal |
nymph/o | women |
hedon/o | pleasure |
klept/o | steal |
till/o | pulling |
voyeurism | getting sexual pleasure and gratification from watching others engage in intimate behavior |
cognitive therapy | any treatment to help change attitudes, perceptions, patterns of thinking |
ana- | up, apart |
de- | lack of, removal |
ECT | electroconvulsive therapy, inducing convulsions to treat those unresponsive to drug therapy |
GAF | global assessment of functioning, numerical measure of overall mental health |
delusion | persistent belief in untruth |
illusion | inaccurate sense perception based on real external stimulus |
opt/o, optic/o | vision |
audi/o, acous/o | hearing |
ocul/o, ophthalm | eye |
orbit/o | protective bony socket eyes are encased in |
bin- | two |
-ar | pertaining to |
supra- | above |
-al | pertaining to |
blephar/o, palpebr/o | eyelid |
canth/o | canthus, corners of the eyes |
conjunctiv/o | conjuctiva, membrane that lines eyelids and covers the surface of eyes |
lacrim/o | tear glands |
ophthalmology | diagnosis and treatment of the eye |
optometrist | healthcare professional who treats vision |
dacryocyst/o | lacrimal sac, tear sac |
kerat/o, corner/o | cornea, transparent anterior portion of sclera |
scler/o | scleara, hard outer covering of the eye (white part) |
ir/o, irid/o | iris, pigmented muscle that allows light in eye |
pupill/o, cor/o, core/o | pupil, dark center of iris |
phac/o, phak/o | eye lens |
viter/o | aqueous and viterous humors, eye liquid |
palpate | examination with touch |
retin/o | retina, inner layer of eye made up of rods and cones |
palpitate | rapid heartbeat |
dacryoaden/o | lacrimal gland, tear gland |
lacrim/o | tear |
uve/o | uvea, middle highly vascular layer of the eye |
dacry/o | tear |
vitre/o | vitreous humor, jellylike substance between lens and retina |
macul/o | macula lutea, light focuses on on this retinal structure |
ex/ophthalm/ia | eyes bulging out of the head |
-chalasis | relaxation, slackening |
-ptosis | dropping, falling |
ec- | out |
trop/o | turning |
-ion | process of |
xer/o | dry |
neo- | new |
nat/o | born |
esotropia | one or both eyes turning inward |
expotropia | one or both eyes turning outward |
entropion | turning inward of the eyelid toward the eye |
ectropin | turning outward of the eyelid |
ambly/o | dull, dim |
-opia | vision condition |
dipl/o | double |
phot/o | light |
strabismus aka squint | lack of coordination between eyes |
Astig, As, Ast | astigmatism, malcurvature of the cornea leading to blurred vision |
hyperopia | farsight, cant see near |
my/o | to shut |
myopia | near sight, cant see far |
presby- | old age |
corneal ulcer | trauma to the outer covering of the eye |
is/o | equal |
goni/o | measurement of angles |
cataract | progressive loss of transparency of lens in eye |
glauc/o | gray, blueish green |
nyctal/o | night blindness, cant see well in dim light |
miotics | medicine to constrict pupils, can help treat glaucoma |
opthalmics | meds made specifically for the eye |
scot/o | darkness |
scotoma | blind spot |
nyctalopia | night blindness |
topical anesthetics | medicine used to numb the eyes |
mydriatics | medicine used to dilate eye |
labyrinth/o | inner ear |
pinna | top part of ear |
auricle | whole ear on outside |
cerumin/o | ear wax |
tympan/o, myring/o | tympanic membrane, ear drum |
ossicul/o | bones in middle of ear |
salping/o | fallopian tube or eustachian tube which is connection between the ears and throat that equalizes pressure |
-lymph | fluid |
cochle/o | cochlea, where hearing takes place |
nystagmus | involuntary back-and-forth eye movements |
meat/o | right at opening of ear |
tinnitus | ringing in ear |
vertigo | dizziness |
choroid/o | choroid, layer under the retina |
melan/o | dark, black |
anacusis | deaf |
paracusis | general term for abnormality of hearing |
presbycusis | age related hearing loss |
conductive hearing loss | sound waves dont go all the way where they need to go |
sensorineural hearing loss | sensory portion of nervous system isnt able to be sent |
flurescein angiography | procedure to confirm suspected retinal disease |
slit lamp exam | part of routine eye exam of layers of the eye |
IOP | intraocular pressure |
tonometry | measurement of intraocular pressure used to diagnosis glaucoma |
VA test | visual acuity, test for sharpness of vision |
VF test | visual field test, test to determine physical space visible |
-rraphy | suture |
e- | out |
nucle/o | nucelus |
enucleation of the eye | removal of entire eyeball |
viscer/o | organ |
evisceration of the eye | removal of contents of the eyeball, leaving the outer coat intact |
exenteration of the eye | removal of entire contents of the orbit |
flap procedure | procedure to cut cornea to access deeper structures |
LASIK | laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis, use of excimer laser to remove material under corneal flap |
trabecul/o | little beam |
trabeculotomy | incision of orbital network of eye to increase circulation and decrease pressure |
coagulation | to clot |
scleral buckling | reattachment of retina |
Acc | accommodation |
ARMD-AMD | age-related macular degeneration |
EM, Em | emmetropia, normal refractive condition of the eye (normal vision) |
MY | myopia, near sight, cant see far |
Ophth | opthamology |
auricl/o | ear |
mastoid/o | mastoid process, hard small projection that is behind the ear |
staped/o | stapes, tiny bone in middle ear that looks like a U |
malleus | one of the bones in middle ear |
malleolus | one of the process of the distal tibia and fibula |
aural | pertaining to the ear |
otalgia aka otodynia | earache |
impacted cerumen | blockage from earwax |
otitis externa aka swimmers ear | inflammation of outer ear |
chol/e | bile |
steat/o | fat |
myring/o | eardrum |
-sclerosis | hardening |
-stenosis | narrowing |
Meniere disease | chronic condition of the inner ear characterized by hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo |
-acusis | hearing |
acoustic nueroma aka vestibular schwannoma | benign tumor of eight carnial nerve |
UNHS | universal newborn hearing screening test |
webner tuning fork test | method of testing auditory and acuity |
ASL | american sign language |
ENT | ear, nose, throat specialist |
Oto | otology, study of the ear |
TM | tympanic membrane, |
-crine | to secrete |
adren/o | suprarenal gland, glands above the kidney |
hypophys/o, pituitar/o | pituitary gland, tiny gland behind optic nerve in skull |
thalam/o | thalamus, the middle part of the diencephalon through which sensory impulses pass |
-us | structure |
ADH aka vasopressin | antidiuretic horomone, stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water and return it to circulation |
oxytocia | rapid delivery |
T4 aka thyroxine | tetraiodthyronine, increases cell metabolism |
cortisol | glucocorticoids, responds to stress |
ket/o, keton/o | ketone, hormones that regulate glucose levels through metabolism of fat, carbs, proteins |
gonad/o | gonads, reproductive organ that makes sex hormones and reproductive cells-testes in the male |
orex/o | appetite |
goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland not due to tumor |
hirsutism aka hypertrichosis | abnormal hairiness |
kal/i | potassium |
natr/o | sodium |
esthesi/o | feeling |
dips/o | thirst |
tetany | continuous muscle spasms |
acro- | extremities |
DI | diabetes insipidus,to produce tremendous quantities of urine |
GHD | growth horome deficency |
pan- | all |
Cushing disease | excessive secretion of adrenal hormone cortisol causing obesity |
DM | diabetes mellitus, group of metabolic disorders characterized by high glucose levels |
type 1 diabetes aka juvenile diabetes | total lack of insulin production |
type 2 diabetes | deficient insulin production |
phe/o | dark |
carcin/o | epithelial cancer, neoplastic disease the natural course of which is fatal |
malignant thymoma | rare cancer of thymus gland |
A1c | test to monitor response to diabetes treatment with average blood glucose during 3 month span |
FPG | fasting plasma glucose, after a period of fasting blood is drawn |
OGTT | oral glucose tolerance test |
TFTs | thyroid function test, blood test to see how effective thyroid gland is |
UA | urinalysis |
tom/o | slice |
onc/o | tumor |
-genesis | production, origin |
mut/a | change |
-tion | process of |
apo- | away from |
-plasia | condition of formation |
meta- | beyond, change |
-stasis | controlling, stopping |
blast/o, -blast | embryonic |
ecto- | outer |
-al | pertaining to |
meso- | middle |
-sarcoma | connective tissue cancer |
extra- | outside |
nod/o | node, small mass of tissue |
terat/o | deformity |
-carcinoma | cancer of epithelial (type of tissue) origin |
sarc/o | flesh |
sacr/o | sacrum, large heavy bone at the base of the spine |
BMT | bone marrow transplant |
BSE | breast self-examination |
BTA | bladder tumor antigen |
bx | biopsy, removal of a sample of tissue to be examined |
CA | cancer |
CNS | central nervous system |
GI | gastrointestinal |
MS | musculoskeletal, multiple sclerosis, mithral stenosis |
hGH | human growth hormone |
-lalia | condition of babbling |
tricho/tillo/mania | condition of madness to constantly pull hair out |
ambul/o | walking |
WAIS | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, measures intelligence with IQ test |
TAT | Thematic Apperception Test, provides info about needs, fantasies, interpersonal relationships |
PET scan | positron emission tomography scan, imaging of metabolic activity in brain using nuclear meds |
MMPI | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, measures personality characteristics |
Rorschach | examines integration of emotional and intellectual factors |
Bender Gestalt | test of visuomotor and spatial tasks |
MR | mental retardation |
ADHD | attnetion-defecit/hyperactivity disorder |
PTSD | posttraumatic stress disorder, extended emotional response to traumatic experience |
hallucination | unreal sensory perception with no external stimulus |
depression | dysphoric mood with decrease of activity such as difficulty eating, sleeping, working |
stupor | lowered level of consciousness |
dementia | progressive organic disorder causes lack of orientation, stupor, cognitive function |
cognitive function | ability to comprehend |
akathisia | relentless ability to sit still |
blunt affect | reduced range of motions |
labile affect | widely changeable emotional state |
libido | normal psychological impulse drive |
catatonia | psychologically induced immobility |
defense mechanisms | unconscious psychological coping in the face of stress or threat such as denial and projection |
dependance syndrome | difficulty in controlling use of drugs |
schizophrenia | distortions of thinking and perception with intact intellectual capacity |
another term for borderline schizophrenia | schizotypal disorder |
acute transient psychotic disorder | acute onset of symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, perceptual disturbances |
another term for mood disorders | affective disorders |
two extremes of behavior characterizing bipolar affective disorder | condition of madness, depression |
example of parasomnia (condition of abnormal sleep) | somnambulism (sleep walking), sleep terrors |
dysthymia | mild chronic depression that lasts for years but not severe enough for depression diagnosis |
3 examples of healthcare term for fear disorder and what they are | acrophobia (fear of heights), agoraphobia (fear of crowds), anthropophobia (fear of scrutiny) |
dissociative identity disorder | development of multiple personalities resulting from severe stress |
personality disorders | group of disorders consisting of long standing, inflexible, dysfunctional behavior |
mild retardation | mental retardation with IQ range of 50 to 69 |
conduct disorder | persistent aggressive and defiant behaviors |
Tourette syndrome | involuntary behaviors that include vocalization and repetitive movements |
five axes of DSM-IV-TR multiaxial evaluation | clinical disorders, MR and personality disorders, general medical conditions, psychosocial environmental problems, GAF |
ECT | electroconvulsive therapy, treatment for severe mental illness with controlled amount of electricity |
affective disorders | any group of psychiatric disorders |
behavioral therapy | attempt at substituting new responses to given stimulus |
detoxification is initial step in treating what | substance abuse |
light therapy is used to treat what disorder | seasonal affective disorder |
dysthymic mood | mild chronic depression that lasts for years but not severe enough for depression diagnosis |
papill/o | optic disk |
a/chromat/opsia | vision condition of without color, color blind |
hemi/an/opsia | vision condition of loss of half of vision field |
opt/ic nuer/itis | pertaining to inflammation of the optic nerve resulting in blindness |
presby/opia | lack of vision due to old age |
ophthalmoscopy | visual exam of interior of eye |
gonioscopy | visualization of angle of anterior chamber |
Amsler grid | test to measure central vision |
Schirmer test | test to determine amount of tear production |
fluorescein staining | exam of abnormalities of cornea |
fluorescein angiography | use of injected dye to record suspected retinal disease |
diopters | measurement units used to determine refraction errors |
retinal photocoagulation | destruction of retinal lesions with light |
goniotomy | incision of the Schlemn canal to correct glaucoma |
Schlemn canal | a circular canal in the eye that drains aqueous humor |
corneal incision procedure | any keratotomy procedure to correct a refractive error |
intraocular lenses | implantable contact lens |
corneal transplant aka keratoplasty | damaged cornea is replaced by the cornea from the eye of a human cadaver |
trabeculo/tomy | incision into orbital network of eye using laser beam |
dacryocysto/rhino/stomy | new opening between the tear sacs and nose |
PRK | photo refractive keratectomy |
-algia | pain |
microtia | condition of small ears |
audiometer | instrument to measure hearing |
Weber tuning fork test | test of auditory acuity |
tympanogramty | record of function of eardrum |
otoscope | instrument to visually examine the ears |
Rinne tuning fork test | test to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss |
speech audiometry | measurement of ability to hear and understand speech |
myringotomy | incision of eardrum |
otoplasty | surgical reconstruction of the external ear |
cochlear implant | device implanted in inner ear to stimulate hearing |
stapedectomy | excision of ossicle that strikes the oval window |
OM | otitis media, infection of the middle ear |
TM | tympanic membrane, eardrum |
OAE | otoacoustic emission, measures an acoustic response that is produced by the inner ear |
another term for stye | hordeolum, lump on the eyelid |
epiphora | overflow of tears |
diabetic retinopathy | disease of retina caused by diabetes |
retinoblastoma | inherited malignant tumor of the eye present at birth |
anisocoria | condition of unequally sized pupils |
nystagmus | involuntary back-and-forth movement of the eye |
hyphema | blood toward the front of the eye, hemorrhage within the eye |
retinitis pigmentosa | hereditary disease marked by nyctalopia and progressive loss of visual field |
glaucoma | group of disorders characterized by abnormal intraocular pressure |
otosclerosis | development of bone around the oval window resulting in an ankylosis of the stapes |
ankyl/ose of high frequency | stiffening |
macrotia | abnormally large auricles |
cholesteatoma | cystic mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol |
otorrhea | discharge from auditory canal |
opthalmic sonography | use of high-frequency sound waves to image the interior of the eye |
opthalmoscopy | visual examination of interior of the eye with ophthalmoscope |
auditory brainstorm response | placement of electrodes on babies to measure their response to sound |
intracapsular lens extraction | removal of entire lens and its capsule |
tympanostomy | opening of the eardrum to insert tubes |
lubricants | medicine that keeps the eyes moist |
cycloplegics | medicine that paralyzes the ciliary muscles |
what disorder is treated with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotics, anticholinergics, beta-blockers, alpha-agonists | glaucoma |
ceruminolytic | medicine used to dissolve earwax |
otics | type of drug applied directly to ear |
antibiotics | medicine to reduce infection |
PDR | proliferative diabetic retinopathy, disease of the retinas increasing rapidly in diabetics |
ABR | auditory brain response, hearing test using response from brain |
Snellen test | measures visual acuity |
ED | emergency department |
photophobia | sensitivity to light |
conjuctivitis aka pinkeye | inflammation of lining of white part of eye and underside of the eyelid (conjunctiva) |
audiologist | hearing specialist |
another name for pituitary gland | hypophysis, this gland is referred to as master gland bc of its control over endocrine glands |
hypothalamus | controls pituitary gland |
thyroid gland | responsible for regulation of body's metabolism and controls amount of calcium deposited into bone |
adrenal glands are named for what | their location above the kidneys |
inner part of the adrenal gland | adrenal medulla |
outer part of adrenal gland | adrenal cortex |
the endocrine function of the pancreas regulates what | glucose in blood through its hormones glucagon and insulin |
what is produced if glucose cannot pass out of the bloodstream into the cells to be metabolized | fatty acids and ketones |
where is the thymus gland located | in the mediastinum above the heart |
what is the thymus gland responsible for | stimulating key cells in the immune response |
where is the pineal gland located | in the center of the brain |
what is the function of the pineal gland | functioning to secrete the hormone mealatin, thought to be responsible for sleep |
aden/o | gland |
lob/o | lobe |
thyr/o | thyroid gland, gland responsible for regulating metabolism |
calc/o | calcium |
parathyroid/o | parathyroid, glands regulating calcium in the blood |
ren/o | kidney |
cortic/o | cortex |
medull/o | medulla, middle of |
pancreat/o | pancreas, gland with exocrine and endocrine functions |
gluc/o | glucose, sugar |
endo- | within |
exo- | outside |
-logy | the study of |
retro- | backward |
phag/o | appetite |
exophthalmia | protrusion of eyeballs from orbits |
ketoacidosis | excessive quantity of ketone acids in blood |
sonography | procedure using high-frequency sound waves used to image the pancreas, adrenals, thyroid |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging, detailed images of soft tissues, such as pituitary, pancreas, hypothalamus |
how can parathyroid dysfunction be detected | through blood test for parathyroid hormone or test for total calcium |
urine glucose | test that can be used to screen for diabetes mellitus |
glucometer | way to measure blood sugar |
Ca | calcium |
K | potassium |
Na | sodium |
OT | oxytocin |
hypothyroidism | condition of under active thyroid gland |
acromegaly | enlargement of extremities |
renal calculi | kidney stones |
Synthyroid | thyroid hormone |
-oma | tumor |
malignant | tumors that are considered to be cancerous |
carcinoma | the most common type of malignant cancer |
myeloma | cancer cells that derive from plasma cells in the bone marrow |
healthy cells are what | well differentiated |
grading | determination of the edge of dedifferentiation of cancer cells |
staging | system of determining how far a cancer has spread from its original site |
primary site | site where cancer originates |
pack years | the number of packs of cigs smoked per day X the number of years of smoking |
history section of a patient's medical record | information regarding previous diet, alcohol use, family members with cancer |
tumor markers | levels of biochemical substances present in the blood that may indicate neoplastic activity |
brachytherapy | treatment with radioactive beads near or inside the cancer |
lymph node mapping | determination of the spread of the primary tumor through the lymph nodes |
sentinel node | first node in which lymphatic drainage occurs |
en bloc resection | removal of tumor and lymph nodes |
margins | borders of normal tissue surrounding the cancer |
immunotherapy | use of the body's own defense system to attack cancer cells |
CAM | complementary and alternative medicine, prayer & massage & exercise & mind-body techniques |
3DCRT | three-dimensional targeted radiation treatment on tumors without damaging surrounding tissue |
G | grade |
FOBT | fecal occult blood test |
CTR | certified tumor register |
TNM | tumor-nodes-metastases |
SPECT | single-photon emission computed tomography |
metastases | transfer of disease |
PSA | prostate-specific antigen, tumor marker used to detect prostate cancer |
TA-90 | tumor marker used to detect the spread of malignant melanoma |
AFP | alpha-fetaprotein, tumor marker with increased levels which indicate liver or testicular cancer |
BTA | bladder tumor antigen, tumor marker for bladder cancer |
NSE | neuron-specific enolase, tumor marker used to measure stage of response to treatment of small cell cancer and neuroblastoma |
B2M | beta-2 microglobulin, levels of this tumor marker are elevated in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
CA 15-3 | tumor marker used to determine the stage of breast cancer |
CEA | carcinoembryonic antigen, tumor marker that measures response to treatment in colorectal cancer |
CA27-29 | useful test for recurrences of breast cancer |
CA19-9 | this tumor marker has elevated levels in the presence of stomach, colorectal, pancreatic cancer |
CA125 | ovarian cancer can be detected and managed by this tumor marker |
dx | diagnosis |
BSE | breast self-examination |
T1 | tumor |
NO | nodes |
MO | metastases, transfer of disease |
mets | metastases, transfer of disease |
seminoma | testicular cancer |
multiple myeloma | multiple tumors in the bone marrow |
adenocarcinomas | cancer of gland tissue |
grade 1 - grade 5 cancer | least to deadliest cancer |
well differentiated | cells that retain most of intended function |
metastatic | rapid transfer of disease |
lumpectomy | removal of tumor only |
Pap smear | test for vaginal and cervical cancer |
severe dysplasia | severe abnormal formation |
radiotherapy | treatment with radiation |
chemotherapy | treatment with chemical agents |
crin/o | endocrine glands, make hormones |
the exocrine function of the pancreas regulates what | digestive juices |
-onin | hormone |
paresthesia | partial feeling |
-sone | steroid |
natural body operates on what | physics (shape) and chemistry |
tissue | cells come together to form tissue |
meta- | change |
cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition |
-penia | deficiency of |
thrombocyt | platelets |
are all neoplasms cancerous | no |
chemical messengers used by the endocrine system to regulate body functions | hormones |