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Pathophysiology
Ch 2 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 Common forms of cell injury | 1. Hypoxic injury 2. Free radical 3. Chemical |
| Define Hypoxia | A lack of sufficient oxygen |
| What is the most common cause of cell injury? | Hypoxia |
| What is the initial insult in hypoxic cell injury? | Ischemia |
| What is ischemia? | Reduced blood supply/cessation of blood flow (cuts off oxygen and nutrition supply to cells) |
| 3 types of hypoxic injuries | 1. Ischemia 2. Anoxia 3. Reperfusion |
| What is anoxia | Total lack of oxygen |
| What is reperfusion? | Restoration of oxygen |
| What does cellular response to injury result in? | -ATP depletion -Failure of active transport mechanisms -Impact plasma membrane integrity (resulting in increased permeability) |
| What are free radicals? | Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. |
| What are some effects of free readical damage? | Lipid Peroxidation, alteration of proteins, alteration of DNA |
| What is oxidation? | Loss of an electron |
| What is reduction? | Gain of an electron |
| Give examples of compounds that cause chemical injury | Lead, Carbon monoxide, Ethanol, Mercury, Social or street drugs |
| What is a blunt force injury? | Application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues. |
| What type of injuries do blunt force injuries cause? | contusion, hematoma, abrasion, laceration, fractures |
| What is the difference between a contusion and a hematoma? | A contusion is a bruise. There is bleeding into skin or underlying tissues. Ruptures blood vessels without breaking skin. A hematoma is a collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space. |
| What are the type of sharp force injuries? | incised wounds, stab wounds, puncture wounds, chopping wounds |
| What is an incised wound? | A cut that is longer than deep. |
| What is a stab wound? | A cut that is deeper than it is long |
| What is a puncture wound? | A cut with a sharp point but without a sharp edge. |
| What is a chopping wound? | shows both sharp and blunt force characteristics. Usually associated crushing of wound edges and underlying tissue. |
| What are the three type of gunshot entrance wounds? | contact range entrance wound intermediate range entrance wound indeterminate range entrance wound |
| What is a contact range entrance wound? | When the muzzle of the gun was placed directly on the skin |
| What is an intermediate range entrance wound? | Gun powder fragments penetrate superficial layer of skin. Causes tattooing and stippling. |
| What is tatooing? | fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder exiting the barrel and strking the skin surface with enough force to be driven into the epidermis or superficial dermis. |
| What is stippling? | Fragments of powder strike with enough force to abrade the skin but not actually penetrate the surface. |
| What is an indeterminate entrance wound? | An entrance wound where the only thing striking the body is the bullet. |
| What is a shored exit wound? | The bullet pushes through the skin against another supporting object. |
| What is the cause of an asphyxial injury? | Caused by a failure of cells to recieve or use oxygen. |
| Name the types of asphyxial injuries | Suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, drowning |
| What is hypothermic injury and what is the result | Extreme chilling or freezing of cell. Slows cellular metabolic processes and results in ROS production. |
| What are the three types of hyperthremic injury? | heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke. |
| What are two types of atmospheric pressure injuries? | blast injuries decompression sickness or caisson disease |
| What is ionizing radiation? | Any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms. |
| Name some examples of ionizing radiation | X-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta particles |
| What are the three types of effects of ionizing radiation? | somatic damage-cancer genetic damage-involves offspring fetal damage- cells more sensitive to damage |
| What is illumination injury cause by and what are some examples? | Caused by light modulation. Examples are eyestrain, obscured vision, and cataract formation |
| What are some examples of mechanical stresses? | physical impact, irritation, overexertion, repetitive body movement |
| What are the two types of noise cellular damage? | Acourstic trauma- instantaneous damage caused by a single sharply rising wave of sound Noise induced hearing loss- prolonged exposure to intense sound |
| What are the types of cellular accumulations (infiltrations) | Water, lipids and carbohydrates, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium, urate |
| What is necrosis? | The sum of cellular changes after local death and the process of cellular autodigestion |
| What are the three processes of necrosis? | Karyolysis, pyknosis, and karyorrhexis |
| What is Karyolysis? | Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis |
| What is pyknosis? | Clumping of the nucleus/shrinking |
| What is karyorrhexis? | Fragmentation of the nucleus |
| What are the types of necrosis? | coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous |
| What organs does the coagulative necrosis effect and what is it caused by? | Kidneys, hear, and adrenal glands. Protein denaturation. Commonly caused by hypoxia. |
| What structures are liquefactive necrosis associated with and what causes it. | Affects neurons and glial cells of the brain. hydrolytic enzymes. Commonly cuased by ischemic injury to neuron and glial cells. |
| What is caseous necrosis? | Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. Example is tuberculous pulmonary infection |
| What organs are affected by fat necrosis and what is it caused by? | Affects breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs. Caused by action of lipases. |
| What are the types of gangrene? | Dry gangrene, wet gangrene, and gas gangrene |
| What is apoptosis? | Programed cell death |
| Compare apoptosis to necrosis | Apoptosis affects scattered single cells. It is nuclear and cytoplasmmic shrinkage of a cell Necrosis causes cells to swell and burst spilling contents over neighbors likely causing a damaging inflamatory response. |
| What are the 2 pathways of apoptosis | Mitochondrial/intrinsic pathway Death receptor/extrinsic pathway |
| What do the 2 pathways of apoptosis have in common? | Both use executioner capsases |
| What are a couple theories of aging | Accumulation of injurious events Genetically controlled program |
| What are some postmortem changes? | Algor mortis- lowering of body temp Livor mortis- skin change caused by blood settling in lowest tissue Rigor mortis Postmortem autolysis- 24-48 hrs after death |
Created by:
MEPN 2013
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