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Pharmacology-ST
Surgical Tech Pharmacology Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorption | The process of a drug passing through a body surface to the tissues of the body |
| Action | A description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of a drug |
| Adverse Effects | Possible untoward secondary effect other than the desired effect |
| Adverse Reaction | Harmful unintended reactions to a drug |
| Allergic Reaction | Hypersensitivity to a drug with symptoms ranging from a rash to an anaphylaxis |
| Ampule | Glass container for injectable drugs that must be broken at the neck to withdraw the medication |
| Anaphylaxis | Severe life-threatening hypersensitivity to a foreign substance or drug; symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain or tightness, life-threatening arrhythmias, and death |
| Antagonism | Opposing action of a drug that decreases or cancels the effect of another drug |
| Buccal | Within the cheek |
| Contraindication | Condition or situation that indicates a drug should NOT be given |
| Controlled Substance | A drug that is controlled by prescription because of the potential for addiction or abuse |
| Cumulative Effect | An increased effect of drug action it accumulates in the body |
| Distribution | Circulation of a drug to the organs of the body after the drug is absorbed |
| Dosage | Amount of drug given for the desired effect |
| Generic Name | General, common, or nonproprietary name of drug |
| Homeostasis | Body in normal, balanced state |
| Indication | Condition that a drug is intended to treat |
| Inhalation | The process of anesthesia by which an anesthetic gas is inhaled; some respiratory drugs also are inhaled as their route of administration |
| Intra-articular | Injected into the joint |
| Intradermal(ID) | Injected into layers of the skin |
| Intramuscular(IM) | Injected into the muscle |
| Intravenous(IV) | Injected into the vein |
| Local(anesthetic) | Medication administered to produce temporary loss of sensation or feeling in a specific area |
| Parenteral | Any route of administration NOT involving the gastrointestinal tract |
| Placebo | Medication with inert or inactive ingredients given in blind drug studies with no chemical effect on the patient. Used to measure effectiveness of the "Real" drug being studied by comparing patients who take it and patients who take the real drug. |
| Potentiation | Increased effect when two drugs are given simultaneously for greater action than if given separately; also known as synergism |
| Precautions | List of conditions or types of patients that require closer monitoring for specific side effects when given a drug |
| Route | The specific method of delivery of a drug; PO, IM, IV, etc. |
| Subcutaneous | Beneath the skin |
| Sublingual | Under the tongue |
| Topical | Applied to a specific area for local effect, usually the skin or mucous membranes |
| Toxicity | Condition that occurs when a dangerous amount of a drug is given and that can be fatal depending on the drug and body systems affected |
| Trade Name(Brand Name) | Name assigned to a drug by a pharmaceutical company |
| Vial | Glass or plastic container with a rubber stopper that must be punctured with a needle to withdraw a drug or reconstitute a drug in powder form |
| PO, NG, and R | GI Tract Routes |
| SL, and Buccal medication | Parenteral Route |
| IV, IM, SubQ, ID, Intracardiac, Intra-articular, Intraspinal, Intrathecal | Injection Routes |
| Medication is applied directly on skin or mucous membranes and absorbed in the capillaries | Topical |
| Medication is inhaled into the lungs and absorbed into the circulatory system | Inhalation |
| bid | Twice a day |
| cc | Cubic centimeters |
| dc | discontinue |
| g, gm | grams |
| gt, gtt | drop(s) |
| HS | at bedtime |
| ID | intradermal |
| IM | intramuscular |
| IV | intravenous |
| KVO | keep vein open |
| mEq | milliequivalents |
| mg | milligrams |
| mL | milliliters |
| NKA | no known allergies |
| NPO | nothing by mouth |
| PO | by mouth |
| prn | as needed |
| qid | four times a day |
| R | rectal |
| sub-Q, subQ | subcutaneous |
| SL | sublingual |
| stat | immediately |
| T, tbs, tbsp | tablespoon |
| t,tsp | teaspoon |
| tid | three times a day |
| X | times |
| Analeptics | Drugs used to stimulate the central nervous system |
| Analgesics | Drugs used to relieve pain |
| Anesthetics | Drugs used to provide anesthesia for surgical procedures; can be delivered by local, regional or general methods |
| Antibiotics | Drugs used to treat infection |
| Anticoagulants | Drugs used to reduce clotting factors of blood |
| Anticonvulsants | Drugs used to reduce and/or stop seizures/convulsions |
| Antidiuretics | Drugs used to decrease the excretion of urine |
| Antiemetics | Drugs used to prevent nausea and vomiting |
| Cardiac medications | Drugs used to increase or decrease heart function |
| CNS Stimulants | Drugs used to stimulate nerve receptors within the central nervous system |
| Coagulants | Drugs used to increase clotting factors of blood |
| Contrast media | Agents used to enhance visualization of anatomical strucures and any abnormalities |
| Diuretics | Drugs used to increase the excretion of urine |
| Dyes | Drugs used to stain pathological specimens |
| Emetics | Drugs used to induce vomiting |
| Gastric medications | Drugs used to reduce secretions in the stomach |
| Hemostatic agents | Chemical agents in a variety of forms that enhance clot formation |
| Hormones | Drugs used to replace natural hormones usually produced in the body |
| Irrigation solutions | Fluids used to flush, wash, or soak structures/tissues during surgery |
| Narcotic antagonists | Drugs used to reverse the effects of narcotics |
| Narcotics | Drugs with high potential for abuse |
| Neuromuscular Blocking Agents | Drugs used to relax skeletal muscles during surgery |
| Obstetrical agents | Drugs used during labor and childbirth |
| Ophthalmic medications | Drugs used in the eye |
| Sedative/Hypnotic agents | Drugs used to produce sedation or sleep |
| Tranquilizers | Drugs used to produce relaxation |
| Is when the body processes a drug | Pharmacokinetics |
| Is when the drug gets into the bloodstream | Absorption |
| Is when the drug moves from the bloodstream into the tissues, fluids, and organs of the body | Distribution |
| Is the physical and chemical changes that occur as the liver breaks down the drug and prepares it for excretion from the body | Metabolism (biotransformation) |
| Is the process of the body removing the drug through the kidneys via urine | Excretion |
| Is the term used to describe the interaction of the drug with the target cells | Pharmacodynamics |
| Is the beginning of the drug's desired effect on the target cells within the body | Onset |
| Is when the drug is at the most effective stage of the desired effect in the target cells | Peak (effect) |
| Is the length of time between the onset of action and cessation of action | Duration |
| Is the condition or symptom in the patient that the drug is intended to treat or alleviate | Indication |
| Is the effect of the drug at the target cells | Action |
| Are secondary effects and are not the desired effect of the drug | Side Effects |
| Are secondary effects that are more severe than side effects | Adverse effects |
| Is the reduced therapeutic response to a drug following repeated doses | Tolerance |
| NG | nasogastric tube |
| Relaxation | Desired effect is muscle relaxation; working on CNS receptors, nerve impulses are blocked to stop or delay muscle spasms |
| Sedation | Desired effect is calmness and decrease of nervousness to the point of the patient being induced to a state of sleep |
| Amnesia | Desired effect of IV conscious sedation agents and adjuncts to anesthesia in which the patient does not remember the immediate preoperative phase |
| Neuroleptic | Desired effect is tranquilizing action |
| Analgesia | Desired effect is to relieve pain; may be narcotic or nonnarcotic |
| Drying Agents | Desired effect is to inhibit the secretion of fluids, usually in the respiratory tract |
| Gastric acid reduction | Desired effect is to reduce or inhibit gastric(stomach) secretions during ohases of surgery and postoperatively |
| Vagal blockade | Desired effect is to block stimulus to the vagus nerve, part of the autonomic nervous system |
| An action that occurs when an agent increases the effectiveness of another agent that is combined with it | Synergist |
| A chemical or drug action that occurs naturally in the body | Agonist |
| An action on the nervous system that occurs when a chemical or drug blocks the effect of a chemical or drug occurring naturally in the body (agonist) by combining with and blocking the agonist nervous receptor | Antagonist |
| An action that occurs when a second agent is added to enhance the effect of the first agent | Additive |
| Refers to an agent used to block parasympathetic effects such as salivation and bradycardia | Antimuscarinic |
| Drawing in or out by suction. | Aspiration |
| Used in the anesthetic setting to provide a breath-by-breath analysis of expired carbon dioxide aka end-tidal CO2 | Capnography |
| Ultrasonic device used to identify and assess vascular status of peripheral arteries and veins by magnifying the sound of the blood moving through the vessel | Doppler |
| Altered state of consciousness that may be achieved by suggestion of another, an individual's own concentration, or with the use of a substance | Hypnosis |
| The second phase of general anesthesia, in which the patient is given induction drugs and intubated | Induction |
| Post Anesthesia Care Unit | PACU |
| The study of drugs and their actions | Pharmacology |
| A group of liquids that rasily evaporate; when inhaled produce general anesthesia through interaction with the CNS | Volatile agents |
| Increases blood pressure | Vasoconstrictor |
| What are the 5 things needed for medication identification | Drug Name(Trade and Generic Names), Manufacturer, Strength, Amount and Expiration Date |
| High Abuse potential and no current approved medical use is what Schedule or Class controlled substance | Schedule or Class I |
| High Abuse potential and a high ability to produce physical and/or psychological dependence and for which there is a current approved or acceptable medical use is what schedule or class of controlled substance | Schedule or Class II |
| Less potential for abuse than drugs in Class II and for which is a current approved medical use is what schedule or class of controlled substance | Schedule or Class III |
| There is a reletively low abuse potential and for which there is a current approved medical use is what schedule or class of controlled substance | Schedule or Class IV |
| Drugs that consist mainly of preparations containing limited amounts of narcotic drugs for use as antitussives and antidiarrheals is what shcedule or class of controlled substance | Schedule or Class V |
| The ______ ______ of medication describes the application or situations for which the medication is used and the timing of the effects commonly associated with the given medication and dosage. | Therapeutic Actions |
| A substance used as medicine for the diagnosis, treatment, cure, milligation, or prevention of a disease or a condition. | Drug |
| An unavoidable effect or disease induced by pharmacologic therapy. | Iatrogenic |
| A reason why a specific drug may be undesirable or improper in a particular situation. | Indication |
| Adrenergic medication that is used for superficial bleeding that prolongs the effect of local anesthetics. | Adrenalin or epinephrine |
| A analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain in adjunct to general anesthesia. | Sublimaze, Demerol or fentanyl citrate |
| ___________ medications are pharmacologic agents that are prepared in a dosage generally safe to administer without the direction of a physician. | OTC or over the counter |
| ______ medication is injected into the subarachnoid space. | Intrathecal |
| Muscle rigidity, increased production of carbon dioxide, tachycardia, and a significant rapid increase in core body temperature are signs of: | Malignant hyperthermia |
| Reactions in the body that act to maintain the normal physiological state are called . | homeostasis |
| Biotransformation, or metabolism, of a drug most often occurs in the: | Liver |
| The 1,000 mL graduate pitcher, filled with sterile saline, on your back table is equivalent to which household volume? | 1 quart |
| a condition in which a patient exhibits reduced cardiac output, tachycardia, hypotension, and diminished urinary output. | Shock |
| To counteract narcotic overdose, patients will be given: | Narcan |
| During which stage of general anesthesia might uninhibited movement, vomiting, laryngospasm, hypertension, and tachycardia be seen? | Stage II |
| Most drugs are taken up by the bloodstream by: | Passive transport |
| A medication that is administered enterally is given by which of the following routes? | Oral or rectal |
| Which local anesthetic agents have a rapid onset of action with moderate duration and are part of the amino amide group? | Lidocaine and Xylocaine |
| Cricoid pressure or Sellick's maneuver is applied for what purpose? | o reduce the risk of aspiration during the induction of general anesthesia |
| A label reads 1,000 mg per 10 mL. How many mL will be required for a dose of 200 mg? | 2 mL |
| Iatrogenic | conditions are those adverse patient conditions resulting from the action of a health care provider. |
| Concentration of a medication refers to the: | Ratio of solute to solvent |
| What provides a breath-by-breath analysis of end-tidal carbon dioxide? | Capnography |
| What would be used to cause an overall reduction in body metabolism? | Induced hypothermia |
| Referred to as the Amnesia Stage and begins with the initial administration of anesthetic agent to loss of consciousness. | Stage I |
| Known as the Surgical Amnesia Stage. The last sense to be obtunded is hearing. | Stage III |
| Referred to as the Overdose Stage.Dilated and nonreactive pupils mark this stage. | Stage IV |
| Class 1 classification of patient assessing | No organic, physiological, biochemical, or psychiatric disturbance |
| Class 2 classification of patient assessing | Mild to moderate systemic disease disturbance: controlled hypertention, history of asthma, anemia, smoker, controlled diabetes, mild obesity, age less than 1 or greater than 70 |
| Class 3 classification of patient assessing | Severe systemic disturbance or disease: angina, post-myocardial infarction(MI), poorly controlled hypertension, symptomatic respiratory disease, and massive obesity |
| The name that is usually long and difficult to pronounce, is the scientific identification of the drug | Chemical name |
| Destroys or inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, may be used in irrigating solutuins or given intervenously, avaliable in various forms, such as powders or ointments. Usually categorized in large groups | Antibiotics |
| A forign substance used to outline various structures through x-ray examination, commonly used in biliary surgery to determine the presence of stones | Contrast Medium |
| Heparin is a | Anticoagulant |
| This stimulates uterine and mammary gland smooth muscles | Pitressin |
| Neutralizes local anesthetic agents | Sodium Bicarbonate |
| A drug given to reverse the effects of heparin is | Protamine |
| Cefazolin Sodium (Keflex) is a(an) | Antibiotic |
| Omnipaque, a water soluble iodine-based contrat medium is used for | diagnostic imaging |
| This is a topical pharmacological agent that aids in hemostasis | Surgicel |
| A category of drug that decreases inflammation is a (an) | steroid |
| This is a vasopressor used as a pheripheral dilator that causes smooth muscle relaxation. It is used to dilate arteries during cardiac and peripheral vascular procedures | Papaverine |
| What drug may be used to treat an allergy | Antihistamine |
| An antagonist drug | Neutralizes action of another drug |
| A radiopaque contrast medium that is used in surgery is | renografin |
| Parenteral administration of a drug is | administration with a needle |
| The trade name for epinephrine is | adrenaline |
| Morphine is used for | pain |
| Gelfoam, oxidized cellulose, microfibrillar and avitene are examples of | hemostatic agents |
| What agency establishes standard for drugs | Food and Drug Administration |
| A drug that stimulates or prolongs the responce of a drug or physiologic action a a/an | agonist |
| Stable physiologic state | homeostasis |
| This is a term used to describe the interaction of drug molecules with the target cells. The resulting action is biochemical and physiologic | Pharmacodynamics |
| Prevention of disease or a condition | prophylaxis |
| This is a long term treatment for the prevention of DVT's | Coumadin (Warfin) |
| This blocks dopamine receptors to reduce nausea and vomiting | antiemetics |
| gentian violet, brilliant green, indigo carmin and methyline blue are examples of____________ that leave a visible tract by staining an area of tissue. | Dyes |
| This decreases postoperative edema related to surgery | Decadron |
| increased effect when two drugas are given simultaneously for greater action than if given separately | Potentiation |
| A list of conditions or types of patients that require closer monotoring for specific side effects when given a drug are | Precautions |
| A drug used to produce paralyzation is a | Neuromuscular blocking agent |
| A medication can be applied on mucous membrane for a local effect | Topical medication |
| The drug getting into the bloodstream is | Absorption |
| Used primarily as a profilactic in irrigation solution during surgical procedures | Bacitracin |
| This can be used as a sedative before general anesthesia, commonly causes retrograde amnesia | Versed |
| The desired effect is a tranquilizing action | Neuroleptic |
| The surgical technologist must be able to correctly identify the necessary aspects of the drug intended for use to ensure the 6 rights are protected. No matter which type of packaging is used all drugs must be labeled by the manufacturer and the label | Drug name, (trade and generic), Manufacturer, Strength, Amount, Expiration date |
| This must contain the name of the drug, dose, quantity and timing of medication | A prescription |
| The ______ registers individuals who can order, purchase, or prescribe medications. In some states, controlled substances may only be ordered by physicians, using a more restricted type of prescribing | DEA |
| A specific method of delivery of a drug | Route |
| _______________ is when a drug is injected directly into the heart | Intracardiac |
| _________________ is an opposing action of a drug that decreases or cancels the effects of another drug | Antagonism |
| HBV, HCV, and HIV may be present in _________________ | Blood, body fluids and unfixed tissues and organs. |
| Hepatitis means _____________________________________________ | Inflammation of the liver. |
| Changes food into protein, makes proteins that stop bleeding and removes toxins from the body are all functions of ______? | The liver. |
| 5% of people living in the United States have been infected with _____? | HBV |
| True or False Most people infected with HBV have no symptoms. | True |
| The major consequence of HBV infection is the development of _________? | Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and liver cancer. |
| An estimated 5000 people in the U.S. die from _________ each year, caused by HBV. | Chronic liver disease. |
| True or False There is no treatment for chronic HBV infection? | False |
| True or False The HBV vaccine is recommended only for healthcare workers? | False |
| The most common cause of chronic liver disease in the U.S. is? | HCV |
| True or false Chronic liver disease caused by HCV is the #1 reason for liver transplantation in the U.S. | True |
| True or False The average time between initial exposure to HCV and the development of symptoms is greater than that for HBV. | False |
| True or False The chances of becoming infected with HBV or HCV from a work-related exposure is much less than the chances of becoming infected with HIV from a work-related exposure. | False |
| True or False The probability of becoming infected with HIV following a work-related exposure is approximately 40%. | False |
| True or false There is No vaccine for HIV | True |
| True or false Death in AIDS patients is usually due to opportunistic infections | True |
| True or False It may take years from the time a person is infected with HIV until he/she develops symptoms of AIDS | True |
| In the healthcare setting, HBV, HCV and HIV can be transmitted by ________________ | Sharps injuries, splash of blood/body fluids to the mucous membranes, and touching non-intact skin without vinyl/latex gloves. |
| Studies estimate that _____________ number of needlestick injuries occur each year in the U.S. | 600,000 - 800,000 |
| Needlestick injuries can be prevented by ______ | Using safe needle devices and following the instructions for proper use. |
| True or False OSHA requires employers to develop an Exposure Control Plan if employees might be exposed to bloodborne pathogens while on the job. | True |
| Which of the following is NOT a work practice control? a. hand hygiene practices b. personal protective equipment c. safe needle devices d. waste disposal techniques | Safe needle devices |
| True or False Food and drink can be stored in areas where there may be exposure to blood/body fluids. | False |
| True or False All biohazard waste must be labeled with the biohazard symbol and the word "BIOHAZARD" or placed into a red bag. | True |
| True or False HCV vaccines must be provided at no charge to employees with possible job related exposure to bloodborne pathogens. | True |
| True or False An employee who has an exposure to blood/body fluids should report the exposure as soon as possible. | True |
| What is the maneuver performed to reduce the risk of aspiration? | Sellick's Manuever, or the application of the cricoid pressure. |
| A mass of blood usually clotted, caused by a break in a blood vessel is? | Hematoma |
| What are the six rights of medication administration? | Right Patient, Right medication, right amount or dose, right time, right route, and right documentation |
| What is the name of the warming blanket used for hypothermia or hyperthermia? | Bair Hugger |
| Which of the following is not a common administration unit? a. Tablets, capsules b. Teaspoons, tablespoons c. ounces d. drops e. units f. liters g. milliliters | Units |
| a/b = c/d and a:b = c:d are examples of what? | Ratio and proportion |
| Desired Dose(DD) / Dose On Hand(DOH) X Volume = X(unknown) is an example of what? | Drug calculation Formula |
| 1 kg = 2.2 lbs so what does 50 kg equal? | 110 lbs |
| 1 gram = 1000 mg so what does 250 mg equal? | .25 grams |
| 1 mg = 1000 mcg so what does 0.2 mg equal? | 200 mcg |
| On the Fahrenheit Scale, freezing is what degrees and boiling is what degrees? | 32 and 212 |
| On the Celsius Scale, freezing is what degrees and boiling is what degrees? | 0 and 100 |
| Using C = 5/9(F-32) convert 98.6 degrees F to C | 37 |
| Using F = (9/5 x C) + 32 convert 55 degrees C to F | 131 |
| C1/C2 = V1/V2 or C1 x V1 = C2 x V2 are examples of ? | Standard Dilution Equation |
| In the Standard Dilution Equation C = what and V = what? | Concentration and Volume |
| Concentration is given as what? | Percentage (%) |
| Volume is given as what? | mL |
| If you are asked to mix a contrast media of 50mL of .5% contrast, and you have 1% contrast media, what is the amount of 1% contrast media you will need? | 25mL |
| You have a weight based medication whose dosage is .04 mg to .1 mg/kg IV and a Repeat dosage of .01 mg/kg every 25 to 60 minutes. If your patient weighs 220 lbs, what would your loading dose be? Your repeat dose? In mL? | 4 mg to 10 mg, 4 mL to 10 mL and 1 mg or 1 mL |
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