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A & P 1-Exam 1
Anat. & Phys. 1: Exam #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four major tissue categories? | (CMEN) Connective, Muscle, Epithelium, and Nervous |
| What are the four types of connective tissue? | (CCBB) Cartilage, Connective Tissue Proper, Bone, and Blood. |
| What are the structure, function, and location of hyaline cartilage? | Structure: Avascular, lacks nerve endings, large amount of GAGs, primarily chondroblasts, collagen fibers. Function: Resists tension and compression. Location: Covers ends of bones, tip of the nose, connects ribs to sternum, growth plates, respir. |
| What are the S, F, and L of fibrocartilage? | Structure: Avascular, lacks nerve endings, large amount of GAGs, primarily chondroblasts, very fibrous collagen fibers. Function: Resists tension and compression. Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, & knee menisci. |
| What are the S, F, and L of elastic cartilage? | Structure: Avascular, lacks nerve endings, large amount of GAGs, primarily chondroblasts, elastic fibers. Function: Resists tension and compression, but mostly structure. Location: External ear, epiglottis. |
| What are the three types of loose connective tissue proper? | Areolar, adipose, and reticular. |
| What are the four types of dense connective tissue proper? | Irregular collagenus, irregular elastic, regular collagenus, and regular elastic dense connective tissue proper. |
| What are the S, F, and L of areolar loose connective tissue proper? | S: Cell types include fibroplasts, WBCs, Macrophages, and Mast cells. Ground sub. is primarily H2O. F: Supports and binds other tissues, holds body fluids, defends against infection, and stores nutrients as fat. L: Found under all epithelium. |
| What are the S, F, and L of adipose loose connective tissue proper? | S: Very few fibers, ground sub. H2O, and cell types are adipocytes and fibroplasts. F: Major nutrient storing ability, shock absorber, insulator, and supports and binds other tissues. L: All over the body. |
| What are the S, F, and L of reticular loose connective tissue proper? | S: Cell types are fibroblasts, WBCs, Macrophages, and Mast cells. Ground sub. is H2O. F: Forms "stoma" or internal framework of many organs. Stroma can support many blood cells. L: Spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, etc. |
| What are the S, F, and L of dense regular collagenous connective tissue proper? | S: Collagen fibers that run parallel, fibroblast cell type, and very little H2O for ground sub. F: Provides great resistance to tension and it binds. L: Tendons and ligaments. |
| What are the S, F, and L of dense regular elastic connective tissue proper? | S: Fibroblast cell type, elastic fibers that run parallel, and very little ground sub. F: Resistance to tension and gives structure. L: Vocal chords. |
| What are the S, F, and L of the dense irregular collagenous connective tissue proper? | S: Fibroblast cell type, collagen fibers that run in all planes, and very little ground sub. F: Provides great resistance to tension. L: Found in the skim as the dermis and forms joint and organ capsules. |
| What are the S, F, and L of the dense irregular elastic connective tissue proper? | S: Fibroblast cell type, elastic fibers that run in all planes. F: Forms structure. L: Elastic arteries. |
| What are the S, F, and L of bone connective tissue? | S: Primary cell type is osteoblast and collagen fiber type. F: Supports and protects, fat storage, and blood synthesis. L: Skeleton. |
| What are the S, F, and L of blood connective tissue? | S: Red and white blood cells, fibrin fibers, and ground sub. of plasma. F: Transport, regulation, and protection. L: Blood vessels. |
| What are the three major types of epithelium tissue? | Simple, stratified, and glandular. |
| What are the S, F, and L of simple squamous epithelium tissue? | S: 1 layer and cells are flat shaped. F: Filtration and diffusion. L: Lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, and serous membranes. |
| What are the S, F, and L of simple cuboidal epithelium tissue? | S: 1 layer and cells are cube shaped. F: Secretion and absorption. L: Kidney tubules and glands. |
| What are the S, F, and L of simple columnar epithelium tissue? | S: 1 layer and column shaped cells. Also have goblet cells. F: Secretion mostly, but also absorption. L: Digestive tract. |
| What are the S, F, and L of pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue? | S: 1 layer that looks like more that one, column shaped cells, and cilla. F: Secretion and absorption. L: Respiratory tract. |
| What are the S, F, and L of stratified squamous epithelium tissue? | S: More than 1 layer and cells near the apical layer are flat shaped. F: Protection. L: Skin and esophagus. |
| What are the S, F, and L of stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue? | S: More than 1 layer and cells are cube shaped. F: Some secretion. L: Rarely found in the body, but sweat and mammary glands. |
| What are the S, F, and L of stratified columnar epithelium tissue? | S: More than 1 layer and cells are column shaped. F: Some protection. L: Transitional layers. |
| What are the S, F, and L of transitional epithelium tissue? | S: More than 1 layer of cells, a solid line forms on the apical layer when stretched, and looks cube shape and appears to have little domes on the apical layer. F: Accommodates for stretch. L: Urinary bladder and ureters. |
| What are the S, F, and L of gladular epithelia? | S: Either endocrine or exocrine glands. Exocrine glands secrete a product onto body surfaces or into body cavities. Either unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular. F: Secretion. L: Sweat glands, pacreas, salivary glands, etc. |
| What are the two parts of a multicellular exocrine gland? | Acini cells: secretory cells of the gland. Duct cells: form a duct for passage of the product onto the surface of body or body cavity. |
| How do merocrine multicellular exocrine glandular epithelium secrete their product? | Exocytosis. |
| How do holocrine multicellular exocrine glandular epithelium secrete their product? | Accumulate their products in them until they rupture (ex: sebaceous glands of the skin). |
| How do apocrine multicellular exocrine gladular epithelium secrete their product? | Accumulate their products until it's pinched off and released to the apical surface (ex: mammary glands and the armpits). |
| What are the S, F, and L of skeletal muscle tissue? | S: Striated, straight, multinucleated, and voluntary controlled cells. F: Contraction. L: Attached to bones of the skeleton. |
| What are the S, F, and L of cardiac muscle tissue? | S: Striated, branched, uninucleate, and involuntary conrolled cells. F: Contraction. L: Heart. |
| What are the S, F, and L of smooth muscle tissue? | S: Un-striated, spindle shaped, uninucleate, and involuntary controlled cells. F: Contraction. L: Found in the walls of hollow organs (except heart). |
| What are the S, F, and L of nervous tissue? | S: Composed of two types of cells: neurons and supporting cells (neuroglial cells). F: Control and communication. L: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
| What are the three germ layers in the embryo and what do they give rise to? | Endoderm: Gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives. Mesoderm: Gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood vessels. Ectoderm: Skin and the nervous system. |
| What is the hierarchy of life? | Atom --> Molecules --> Cells --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organ System --> Organism |
| What are the 4 most common atoms found in the human body? | O, N, C, H |
| What are the 4 major macromolecules found in the human body? | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleotides. |
| What does retroperitoneal mean? Give examples. | Means behind the peritoneum. Examples of organs that are retroperitoneal are the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and the bladder. |
| What are mesenteries and how are they formed? | Mesenteries consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together. The mesenteries anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs. |
| Otic | Ears |
| Crural | Leg |
| Nuchal | Base of the neck |
| Acromial | Point of shoulder |
| Olecranon | Point of the elbow |
| Saggital plane | Divides the body into R and L halves. If it is divided equally, it would be called a mid-saggital plane. |
| Lateral | Away from the mid-line of the body. |
| Medial | Towards the mid-line of the body. |
| What are the three sets of serous membranes? | All start with the letter P. Peritoneal membranes, pericardial membranes, and pleural membranes. |
| What does the parietial part of a serous membrane line? | Lines the cavity walls. |
| What does the visceral part of a serous membrane line? | Visceral covers the organs themselves. |
| Where are the peritoneal serous membranes found? | Abdominopelvic cavity. |
| Where are the pericardial serous membranes found? | Heart cavity. |
| Where are the pleural serous membranes found? | Lungs and thoracic cavity. |
| What makes up the integumentary system and what is its function? | Comprised of the hair, skin, nails, and sweat glands. Provides protection, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss. |
| What makes up the skeletal system and what is its function? | Made up of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints. Produce bloods cells and provides protection and support. |
| What makes up the muscular system and what is its function? | Muscles attached to the skeleton, minerals, and fats. Produces body movements, maintains body heat, and maintains posture. |
| What makes up the lymphatic system and what is its function? | Lymphatic vessels and organs and lymph nodes. Removes foreign substances, combats disease, maintains fluid balance, etc. |
| What makes up the respiratory system and what is its function? | Consists of lungs and respiratory passages. Exchanges O2 and CO2 between blood and air and regulates blood pH. |
| What makes up the digestive system and what is its function? | Mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Performs digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste. |
| What makes up the nervous system and what is its function? | Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. Detects sensations, controls movements, physiological and intellectual functions. |
| What makes up the endocrine system and what is its function? | Consists of glands that secrete hormones. Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc. |
| What makes up the cardiovascular system and what is its function? | Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood. Transports nutrients, waste prod, gases, and hormones through the body. Also plays a role in immune response and body temp. |
| What makes up the urinary system and what is its function? | Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts carry urine. Removes wastes and regulates blood pH. |
| What makes up the female reproductive system? | Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, etc. |
| What makes up the male reproductive system? | Testes, accessory structures, and penis. |
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