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Diabetes
Mod 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is relative deficiency of insulin? | no specific amount of insulin - delay in release time |
| What is the effects of Caffeine in blood sugar? | induces Cori Cycle -> increase blood glucose |
| What is the normal value for Hemo A1C? | 3.5-5.6% <6.5% is desirable |
| What is Hemoglobin A1C | Test of choice for diagnositic of Diabetes. measure degree of glycation (glycosylation) - glucose and protein Turnover rate for RBC is 100 days (3 months) |
| What is Type 1 DM? | insulin dependent inflammatory, immune-mediated, absolute deficiency loss of all beta cells and insulin production |
| What are the characteristics of Type 1 DM? | severe hyperglycemia decrease cognitive and fruity breath ketoacidosis tendency increase osmolarity in plasma - renal problem neovascularization - retina and iris effects more than type II |
| What is the result of neovascularization? | goes into vitreous and pull on the root of blood vessels -> retinal detachment between photoreceptors and RPE |
| What is Kussmaul's Breathing? | repid deep breathing - trying to push out Co2 to decrease acid from ketoacidosis Type I DM |
| What is the genetic implications of Type I DM? | HLA antigens (chromosome 6) DR 3/4 DQw2/8 |
| What is involvement of T cells and Beta Cells? | T cells destroys beta cells - antibodies markers |
| Why is Type I more severe than Type II? | C peptide proteins not made because insulin isnt produced. involves in neuropathy - maintain Node of Ranvier and integrity of node. reverse Na/K ATPase activity increase risk of Alzheimer's |
| Type I DM increase Severity of: | proliferative retinopathy vitreous hemorrhage retinal detachment |
| What are the treatment of Type I Diabetes? | self-monitoring blood glucose daily injections insulin pumps pancreatic + kidney transplant islet transplant - not effective after 2 years |
| What defines Type II DM? | inadequate insulin secretory response to glucose resistance to insulin action sustained hyperglycemia |
| Type II DM secretory Pattern | Phase 1: reduced or lost ->hyperinsulinemia Phase 2: significant decrease in titer of insulin |
| Explain Insulin Resistance | body doesnt respond to insulin -> beta cells make more insulin -> exhausted post-receptor defects |
| What are the associated conditions of Type II DM? | obesity hypertension hyperlipidemia hyperuricemia sedentary lifestyle - GLUT4 |
| Obesity result in | fat cells increase in diameter -> secrete endocrines inapproapriately secrete adipokines (inflammatory affects beta cells) |
| Mechanism of Hyperinsulinemia | target cell not responding -> down regulation of receptors result: sodium retention (hypertension) increase VLDL and low HDL levels (dyslipidemia) increase endothelial & smooth muscle cell proliferation (artherosclerosis and thrombosis) insulin resis |
| Cause of Hypertension | sodium retension sympathetic activation decrease NO increase endothelin (insulin stimulate endothelin -> increase BP |
Created by:
prinny916
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