Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIE
CHAPTER 4 - INTERRELATED SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES: MATTER, ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| science | a method for gathering and organizing information that involves observation, asking questions about observations hypothesis formation, testing hypothesis, critically evaluating the results, and publishing information so that others can evaluate the proces |
| scientific method | a way of gathering and evaluating information. It involves observation, hypothesis formation, hypothesis testing, critical evaluation of results, and the publishing of findings |
| cause-and-effect relationships | a relationship between two events or things in which a change in the first leads to a change in the second |
| observation | ability to detect events by the senses or machines that extend the senses |
| hypohesis | a logical statement that explains an event or answers a question that can be tested |
| experiment | an artificial situation designed to test the validity of a hypothesis |
| variables | things that change from time to time |
| controlled experiment | an experiment in which two groups are compared. One, the control, is used as a basis of comparison and the other, the experimental, has one factor different from the control |
| reproductibility | a characteristic of the scientific method in which independent investigators must be able to reproduce the experiment to see if they get the same results |
| theory | a unifying principle that binds together large areas of scientific knowledge |
| kinetic molecular theory | the widely accepted theory that all matter is made of small particles that are in constant movement |
| scientific law | a uniform or constant fact of nature that describes what happens in nature |
| law of conservation of mass | states that matter is not gained or lost during a chemical reaction |
| matter | substance with measurable mass and volume |
| atoms | the basic subunit of elements, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| element | a form of matter consisting of a specific kind of atom |
| nucleus | the central region of an atom that contains protons and neutrons |
| protons | the positively charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom |
| neutrons | neutrally charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom |
| electrons | the lightweight, negatively charged particle that moves around at some distance from the nucleus of an atom |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| molecules | two or more atoms chemically bonded to form a stable unit |
| ions | an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge because it has either gained or lost electrons |
| compound | a kind of matter composed of two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together |
| mixtures | a kind of matter consisting of two or more kinds of matter intermingled with no specific ratio of the kinds of matter |
| acid | any substance that, when dissolved in water, releases hydrogen ions |
| pH | the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the number of hydrogen ions present |
| base | any substance that, when dissolved in water, removes hydrogen ions from solution; forms a salt when combined with an acid |
| hydroxide ions | a negatively charged particle consisting of a hydrogen and an oxygen atom, commonly released from materials that are bases |
| chemical bonds | the physical attraction between atoms that results from the interaction of their electrons |
| exothermic reactions | chemical reaction in which the newly formed compounds have less chemical energy than the compounds from which they were formed |
| endothermic reactions | chemical reaction in which the newly formed chemical bonds contain more energy than was present in the compounds from which they were formed |
| activation energy | the initial energy input required to start a reaction |
| catalyst | a substance that alters the rate of a reaction but is not itself changed |
| enzymes | protein molecules that speed up the rate of specific chemical reactions |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants manufacture food. Light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen |
| respiration | the process that organisms use to release chemical bond energy from food |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| kinetic energy | energy of moving objects |
| potential energy | the energy of position |
| sensible heat | the heat energy stored in a substance as a result of an increase in its temperature |
| latent heat | heat transfer that occurs when a substance is changed from one state to another –solid to liquid, gas to liquid – in which heat is transferred but the temperature does not change |
| first law of thermodynamics | a statement about energy that says that under normal physical conditions, energy is neither created nor destroyed |
| second law of thermodynamics | a statement about energy conversion that says that whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some of the useful energy is lost |
| entropy | the degree of disorder in a system. All systems tend toward a high degree of disorder or entropy |
| combustion | the process of releasing chemical bond energy from fuel |
Created by:
Jessica C
Popular Earth Science sets